The Art of Massage J. H. Kellogg, M.D. 1895   THE GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY, NAMES, NERVE SUPPLY, AND ACTIONS OF THE MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY.         Physiology of the Muscles. - The following brief summary of the physiology of the muscles, while, incomplete, will assist somewhat in understanding the relation of these structures, with which massage deals so directly, to other bodily organs:     1. Muscular action is allied to ciliary and amoeboid movements.     2. The source of muscular energy is the oxidation of glycogen stored in the muscles.     3. During work, the amount of oxygen absorbed and the amount of C02 given off by the muscles, is very greatly increased; hence respiratory activity is increased.     4. Muscular activity is accompanied by the production of heat; the muscles are the principal seat of heat production in the body. The thermic activities of the muscles are dependent, not only upon muscular activity, but also upon nerve control, through the heat-centers of the central nervous system.     5. Muscular activity is usually excited by nervous impulses received by the muscle at the rate of about ten per second.     6. The muscle has an independent excitability which induces contraction, as the result, of 'the application of chemical substances, cold, electricity, and mechanical stimulus.     7. Acids and excessive heat produce stiffening of the muscles.     8. A single voluntary muscular movement may be made in one sixteenth of a second.     9. Contraction from electrical stimulation occurs more quickly than from voluntary effort.     10. With contraction of a muscle, contraction of the opposing muscle occurs simultaneously, beginning slightly later.     11. Voluntary contraction is allied to tetanus.     12. Tetanus is produced by electrical applications in which the current is interrupted at the rate of twenty or more per second.     13. Muscular contraction is propagated along the muscle at the rate of forty feet per second.     14. Muscles are most perfect machines. The best steam engine utilizes only one eighth of the force contained in the fuel as work, seven eighths appearing as heat. A muscle produces one fifth work and four fifths heat.     15. The amount of work a muscle can do is proportioned to its transverse section.     16. A human muscle is able to lift .125 pounds for each square inch in area of its transverse section.     17. Muscular strength varies at different periods of life. A new-born infant is able to sustain its own weight for 24 seconds by grasping a stick with its hands.  The strength of adult men and women, in relation to the body weight, is shown in Table I.     18. The weight of the muscles in proportion to the body weight varies at different ages, being 23.40 per cent of the body weight of a new-born babe, and 43.10 per cent of the body weight in adults.     19. The amount of work done by a laboring man in eight hours is about two million foot-pounds.     20. Fatigue is the result of the accumulation, within the muscle, of the poisonous products of work; the muscle is rested when these products are removed.   NAME NERVE ACTION Head and Face     Occipito-frontalis Posterior auricular, small occipital, facial  Moves scalp and wrinkles forehead Attollens aurem Occipitalis minor Raises ear Attrahens aurem Facial Advances ear Retrahens aurem Posterior auricular Retracts ear Orbicularis palpebrarum Facial Closes eyelids Corrugator supercilii Facial Draws eyebrows down and in Tensor tarsi Facial Compresses puncta and lachrymal sac Levator palpebrs superior Third Raises upper lid Rectus superior (eye) Third Rotates eyeball upward Rectus inferior (eye) Third Rotates eyeball downward Rectus internus (eye) Third Rotates eyeball inward Rectus externus (eye) Sixth Rotates eyeball outward Obliquus superior (eye) Fourth Rotates eyeball down and out Obliquus inferior (eye) Third Rotates eyeball up and out Pyramidalis nasi Facial Depresses eyebrow Levavator labii superioris alseque nasi Facial Elevates upper lip, dilates nostril. Dilator naris posterior Facial Dilates nostril Dilator naris anterior Facial  Dilates nostril Compressor nasi Facial Contracts nostril Compressor narium minor Facial Contracts nostril Depressor alae nast Facial Contracts nostril Levator labii superioris Facial Elevates upper lip Levator anguli oris Facial Elevates angle of mouth Zygomaticus major Facial Draws upper lip backward and upward Zygomaticus minor Facial Draws upper lip backward and up-ward Levator labii inferioris Facial Elevates lower lip Depressor labii inferioris Facial Depresses lower lip Depressor anguli oris Facial Depresses angle of mouth Buccinator Inferior maxillary Compresses cheeks Risorius Facial  Draws angle of mouth outward  Orbicularis oris Facial  Closes mouth Masseter Inferior maxillary Mastication, molars Temporal Inferior maxillary Mastication, incisors Pterygoedus externus Inferior maxillary Moves lower jaw forward Pterygoidus internus Inferior maxillary Raises and advances inferior maxillary  Neck     Platysma myoides Facial and superficial cervical Wrinkles skin and depresses mouth Sterno-cleido-mastoid Spinal accessory and cervical plexus Depresses and rotates head Sterno-hyoid  Descendens and communicans noni Depresses hyoid Sterno-thyroid Descendens and communicaus noni Depresses larynx Thyro-hyoid Hypoglossal Elevates larynx  Omo-hyoid Descendens and communicans noni Depresses and retracts hyoid Digastric Inferior dental (facial) Elevates hyoid and tongue Stylo-hyoid Facial Elevates and retracts hyoid Mylo-hyiod Inferior dental Elevates and advances hyoid, forms floor of mouth Genio-hyoid Hypoglossal Elevates and advances hyoid Genio-hyo-glossus Hypoglossal Retracts and protrudes tongue Hyo-glossus Hypoglossal Depresses side of tongue Lingualis Chorda tympani Elevates center of tongue  Stylo-glossus Hypoglossal  Elevates and retracts tongue Palato-glossus Meckel's ganglion  Draws base of tongue upward Constrictor inferior Glosso-pharyngeal, pharyngeal plexus, and external and recurrent laryng'l. Contracts fauces Constrictor medius Glosso-pharyngeal and glosso-pharyngeal plexus Contracts fauces Constrictor superior Glosso-pharyngeal and pharyngeal plexus Contracts pharynx Stylo-pharyngeus Glosso-pharyngeal and pharyngeal plexus Elevates pharynx Palato-pharyngeus Heckel's ganglion Closes posterior nares Levator palati Reckel's ganglion (facial) Elevates soft palate Tensor palati Otic ganglion Renders palate tense Azygos uvulae Heckel's ganglion (facial) Raises uvula Rectus capitus anticus major Cervical plexus Flexes neck backward Rectus capitus anticus minor Cervical plexus Flexes neck backward Rectus lateralis Cervical plexus Moves head laterally Longus colli Lower cervical Flexes cervical spine Scalenus anticus Lower cervical Flexes neck laterally Scalenus medius Lower cervical Flexes neck laterally Scalenus posticus Lower cervical. Flexes neck laterally Back     Trapezius Spinal accessory and cervical plexus Draws head backward and elevates shoulders Latissimus dorsi Subscapular Draws arm backward and downward Levator anguli scapulae Third and fourth cervical Elevates upper angle of scapula Rhomboideus minor Fifth cervical Retracts and elevates scapula Rhomboideus major Fifth cervical Elevates and retracts scapula Serratus posticus superior Posterior branches of cervical Raises ribs in inspiration Serratus posticus inferior Posterior branches of dorsal Depresses ribs in expiration Splenius capitus et colli Posterior branches of cervical Rotates head and holds it erect Splenius colli Posterior branches of cervical Rotates head and holds it erect Erector spinae Lumbar and dorsal Holds spine erect Sacro-lumbalis Branches of dorsal Erects trunk and flexes it backward Musculus accessorius ad sacro-lumbalem Branches of dorsal Erects trunk and flexes it backward Longissimus dorsi Branches of lumbar and dorsal Erects trunk and flexes it backward Spinalis dorsi Dorsal branches Erects spinal column Cervicalis ascendens Branches of cervical Holds head erect and raises upper ribs Tranaversalis colli Branches of cervical Holds head erect Trachelo-mastoid Branches of cervical Steadies head Complexus Sub-occipital, great occipital, and branches of cervical Retracts and rotates head Biventer cervicis (The same as for complexus) Retracts and rotates head Semispinalis dorsi Branches of dorsal Erects spinal column Semispinalis colli Cervical branches Erects spinal column Multifidus spinae Posterior spinal branches Erects and rotates spinal column Rotatores spinae Dorsal branches of spine Rotate spinal column Supraspinales Posterior cervical Approximate spinous processes Interspinales Posterior cervical Approximate spinous processes Extensor coccygis Sacral branches Extends coccyx Intertransversales Posterior spinal nerves Approximate transverse processes Rectus capitis posticus major Sub. occipital Rotates head Rectus capitis posticus minor Sub. occipital Draws head backward Obliquus capitis superior Sub. occipital Draws head backward Obliquus capitis inferior Sub. and great occipital Rotates head Abdomen     Obliquus externus Intercostal, ilio-hypogastric, ilio-in-guinal Compresses viscera and flexes thorax Obliquus internus Intercostal, ilio-hypogastric, ilio-in-guinal Compresses viscera and flexes thorax Transversalis Intercostal, ilio-hypogastric, ilio-in-guinal Compresses viscera and flexes thorax Rectus abdominis Intercostal, ilio-hypogastric, ilio-in-guinal Compresses viscera and flexes thorax Pyramidalis Ilio-hypogastric Renders linea alba tense  Quadratus lumborum Lumbar Flexes thorax laterally Thorax     Intercostales externi Intercostal Depress ribs in expiration Intercostales interni Intercostal Raise ribs in inspiration Intracostales Intercostal Inspiration Triangularis sterni Intercostal Expiration Levatores costarum Intercostal Raise ribs Diaphragm Phrenic Inspiration Shoulder     Pectoralls major Anterior thoracic Draws arm down and forward Pectoralis minor Anterior thoracic Depresses point of shoulder Subclavius Fifth and sixth cervical Depresses shoulder Serratus magnus Posterior thoracic Raises shoulder and elevates ribs in inspiration Deltoid Circumflex Raises arm Subscapularis Subscapular Rotates humerus inward Supraspinatus Suprascapular Supports shoulder joint, raises arm Infraspinatus Suprascapular Rotates humerus outward Teres minor Circumflex Rotates humerus outward Teres major Subscapular Draws arm down and back Arm     Coraco-brachialis Musculo-cutaneous Draws arm forward and inward Biceps Musculo-cutaneous Flexes and supinates forearm Brachialis anticus Musculo-cutaneous, musculo-spiral Flexes forearm Triceps Musculo-spiral Extends forearm Subaneoneus Musculo-spiral Tensor of posterior ligament of elbow Forearm     Pronator radii teres Median Pronates hand Flexor carpi radialis Median Flexes wrist Palmaris longus Median Tenses palmar fascia Flexor carpi ulnaris Ulnar Flexes wrist Flexor sublimus digitorum Median Flexes second phalanges Flexor profundus digitorum Ulnar and anterior interosseus Flexes the phalanges Flexor longus pollicis Anterior interosseus Flexes last phalanx of thumb Pronator quadratus Anterior interosseus Pronates hand Supinator longus Musculo-spiral Supinates hand Extensor carpi radialis longior Musoulo-spiral Extends wrist Extensor carpi radialis brevior Posterior interosseus Extends wrist Extensor communis digitorum Posterior Interosseus Extends fingers Extensor minimi digiti Posterior interosseus Extensor of little finger Extensor carpi ulnaris Posterior interosseus Extends wrist Anconeus Musculo-spiral Extends forearm Supinator brevis Posterior interosseus Supinates hand Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis Posterior interosseus Extends thumb Extensor primi internodii pollicis Posterior interosseus Extends thumb Extensor secundi internodii pollicis Posterior interosseus Extends thumb Extensor indicis Posterior interosseus Extends index Abductor pollicis Median Draws thumb from median line Flexor ossis metacarpi pollicis (oppon). Median Flexes thumb Flexor brevis pollicis Median and ulnar Flexes thumb Hand     Adductor pollicis Ulnar Draws thumb to median line Palmaris brevis Ulnar Corrugates skin of palm Abductor minimi digiti Ulnar Abductor of little finger Flexor brevis minimi digiti Ulnar Flexes little finger Flexor minimi digiti (opponens) Ulnar Flexes little finger Lumbricales Median and ulnar Flexes first phalanges and extend second and third Interossel palmaris Ulnar Abduct fingers Interossei dorsales Ulnar Abduct fingers, flex first phalanges, and extend second and third Lower Extremity     Psoas magnus Lumbar Flexes and rotates thigh outward and flexes trunk on pelvis Psoas parvus Lumbar Tensor of iliac fascia Iliacus Anterior crural Flexes femur and rotates it outward Hip     Gluteus maximus Small sciatic and sacral plexus Extends and abducts thigh and rotates it outward Gluteus medius Superior gluteal Rotates outward and inward, abducts, extends, and flexes thigh Gluteus minimus Superior gluteal Rotates outward and inward, abducts, extends, and flexes thigh Pyriformis Sacral Rotates thigh outward, abducts it, and tilts pelvis forward Gemellus superior Sacral Rotates thigh outward and abducts it Obturator internus Sacral Rotates thigh outward and tilts pelvis forward Gemellus inferior Sacral Rotates thigh outward and abducts it Obturator externus Obturator Rotates thigh outward and tilts pelvis forward Quadratus fernoris. Sacral Abducts thigh and rotates it outward Biceps Great sciatic Flexes leg and rotates it outward Semitendinosus Great sciatic Flexes leg on thigh, and rotates it in-ward Semimembranosus Great sciatic Flexes leg and rotates it inward Thigh     Tensor vaginae femoris Superior gluteal Tensor of fascia lata Sartorius Anterior crural Flexes thigh and rotates it outward Rectus femoris Anterior crural Extends leg Vastus externus Anterior crural Extends leg Vastus internus Anterior crural Extends leg Crureus Anterior crural Extends leg Quadriceps extensor (includes four preceding muscles)   Subcrureus Anterior crural Acts with crureus Gracilis Obturator Flexes and adducts thigh and rotates it outward Pectineus Anterior crural, obturator Flexes and adducts thigh and rotates it outward Adductor longus Obturator Adducts and flexes thigh Adductor brevis Obturator Adducts and flexes thigh Adductor magnus Obturator and great sciatic Adducts thigh and rotates it outward Leg     Tibialis anticus Anterior tibial Flexes ankle aand elevates inner border of foot Extensor longus digitorum Anterior tibial Extends toes and flexes ankle Extensor proprius pollicis Anterior tibial Extends toes and flexes ankle Peroneus tertius Anterior tibial Flexes tarsus and raises outer border of foot Gastrocnemius Internal popliteal Extends foot Plantaris Internal popliteal Tenses plantar fascia Soleus Internal popliteal Extends foot Popliteus Internal popliteal Flexes leg and rotates it inward Flexor longus pollicis Posterior tibial Flexes great toe Flexor longus digitorum Posterior tibial Flexes phalanges and extends foot Tibialis posticus Posterior tibial Extends ankle and turns sole inward Peroneus longus Musculo-cutaneous Extends and everts foot Peroneus brevis Musculo-cutaneous Extends foot Foot     Extensor brevis digitorum Anterior tibial Extends toes Abductor pollicis Internal plantar Abducts great toe, flexes first phalanx, and extends second Flexor brevis digitorum Internal plantar Flexes lesser toes Abductor minimi digiti External plantar Abducts little toe Flexor accessorius External plantar Accessory flexor of toes Lumbricales Internal and external plantar Flex first phalanges and extend last two Flexor brevis pollicis Internal plantar Flexes first phalanx of great toe and extends second Adductor pollicis External plantar Adducts great toe and extends first and second phalanx Flexor brevis minimi digiti External plantar Flexes first phalanx of little toe and extends second Transversus pedis External plantar Adducts great toe Interossei dorsal External plantar Abduct toes Interossei External plantar Adduct toes       The foregoing table has been arranged with much care and with special reference to the needs of thestudentof massage. It is believed to be the most complete and correct resume of the sort which has ever been published embodying, as it does, the results of the very latest studies and authoritative statements relating to the nerve supply and actions of the various muscles of the body. The student of massage who desires to place himself in the front rank of his profession as a masseur, will find it not only profitable, but essential, to make a careful study of this table, and to become familiar with the facts which it very succinctly presents.  The grouping of the muscles of the several regions of the body renders it convenient to study each section by itself, and by the aid of Plates V to X and XIII, it will not be found difficult to form a very correct idea of the precise location and outline of each particular muscle in the body, and of the origin and distribution of the nerve supply. Two hundred and seven different muscles or muscular groups are named in the table, by means of which one hundred and sixty-three different motor acts are performed.  It may not be absolutely essential that every one of these should be held constantly in the memory, but those muscles, at least, which constitute the largest fleshy masses of the body, should be thoroughly studied and familiarized.