Calendula

    Calen'dula officina'lis, Calendula, Marigold, N.F. -- The dried ligulate-florets with not more than 2 p.c. of foreign organic matter; S. Europe, Levant, cultivated as ornament (flowers).  Annual herb .3-.6 M. (1-2 degrees) high, roughish-hairy; leaves toothed, oblanceolate; flower-heads terminal, 5 Cm. (2') broad, involucre hemispherical, 2-rowed; disk-florets tubular, 5-cleft, yellow.  Ligulate (ray) florets 15-25 Mm. (3/5-1') long, 3-6 Mm. (1/8-1/4') broad, yellowish, 1-3-toothed, short-hairy tube occasionally enclosing remnant of filiform style and bifid stigma; odor slight, somewhat heavy; taste slightly bitter, faintly saline.  Powder, yellowish -- few non-glandular hairs, double row of thin-walled cells; elongated epidermal wavy-walled cells with chromoplasts and oil-like globules; pollen grains with spinose projections, 3-pored; tracheae; calcium oxalate rosettes or prisms; solvents: alcohol, boiling water partially; contains volatile oil, bitter principle, calendulin (analagous to bassorin), fat, resin, sugar, gum ash 8-11 p.c.  Stimulant, tonic, febrifuge, anthelmintic, resolvent; jaundice, amenorrhea, scrofula, low fevers, vomiting; cancer, ulcers, wounds, otitis -- Homeopathic remedy instead of tincture of arnica or myrrh.  Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.); 1.  Fluidextractum Calendulae (67 p.c. alcohol), dose, mxv-60 (1-4 cc.); 2.  Tinctura Calendulae, 20 p.c. (alcohol), dose, 3ss-2 (2-8 cc.).
 
 

    Cinnamomum Camphora, (Linne) Nees et Ebermaier.  The dextrorotatory ketone (concrete violatile oil.)
    Habitat.  China, Japan, Formosa.  Tree cultivated in Italy as an ornament, and may  yield profitably in California, Florida, etc., wherever frosts are light.
    Syn.  Camph., Camphor Laurel, Gum Camphor Tree; Fr. Camphre du Japon--droit;  Ger. Kampfer, Kampher, Campfer.
    Cam'pho-ra.  L. Fr. Ar. Kafur or kapur, chalk, lime -- i.e., its resemblance.

[ILLUSTRATION] Cinnamomum Camphora.

    PLANT. -- Handsome evergreen tree, 9-12 M. (30-40 degrees) high, .3-.6 M. (1-2 degrees) thick, much branched above, fragrant; bark smooth, green; leaves 7.5-15 Cm. (3-6') long, 2.5-7.5 Cm. (1-3') broad, attenuated toward both ends, entire, smooth, shining, ribbed, bright yellowish-green above, paler and glaucous beneath, thick; flowers, June-July, small, whitish; fruit, Nov.-Dec., purple berry, 6 Mm. (1/4') thick, 1-seeded.  DEXTROROTATORY KETONE (camphor), in white translucent, tough masses, granules, penetrating, characteristic odor, pungent, aromatic taste, soluble in alcohol (1) chloroform (1), ether (1), carbon disulphide, petroleum benzin, fixed or volatile oils, water (800), sp. gr. 0.990; readily pulverized with a little alcohol, chloroform, ether, and liquified with equal quantity of chloral hydrate, menthol, phenol, thymol; volatilizes at ordinary temperature, melts at 175 degrees C. (347 degrees F.).  Tests: 1.  Heat 2 Gm. -- sublimes without carbonization, leaving about .05 p.c. of non-volatile matter.  2.  Solution in petroleum benzin (1 in 10) -- clear (abs. of water).  3.  A copper spiral 6 Mm (1/4') in diameter and 6 Mm. (1/4') long held in flame until it glows without coloring flame green, then dipped into camphor; ignited, burned outside of flame; then in lower outer edge -- no green color -- (abs. of chlorinated products); alcoholic solution precipitates with water.  Impurities: Chlorinated products, water.  Should be kept cool, in well-closed containers.  Dose, gr. 1-5 (.06-.3 Gm.).
    Commercial. -- Tree, resembling sassafras and linden, is of slow growth but flourishes up to 600 M. (2,000 degrees) elevation in the tropics -- Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, Jamaica, Madeira, Mediterranean region, etc.  The wood is valuable, being white, fragrant and repellent to insects, and while all parts contain camphor, along with its strong odor, it is obtained only from the root, trunk, and branches of trees fifty or more years old -- by sublimation.  In Japan roots and small branches are chipped and put, with some water, in large vessels surmounted by earthen domes lined with rice-straw; on applying heat the camphor, volatilized by steam, rises to the domes and condenses upon the straw -- flowers of camphor -- from which it is shaken and packed in double-tubs, 100 pounds (45 Kg.).  In China the comminuted plant is boiled with water until camphor adheres to the ladle and the strained liquid concentrates upon cooling, which then is sublimed with alternating layers of earth.  In Formosa (island) a long wooden trough, coated with clay and fixed over a crude furnace, is half-filled with water and, upon a perforated board luted to the top, chips are placed, that in turn are covered with inverted pots; on applying heat steam is produced, which, rising, passes through the perforations and chips, thereby becoming camphor-vapor that condenses in the upper part of the pots -- flowers of camphor -- from which it is scraped every few days.  This industry here has been monopolized and revolutionized by Japan since her last war with China, to the effect of improving quality, the government purchasing from all producers their product of a recognized standard, and refining it at Taihoku, using several thousand pounds at a charge -- the oil and water being first driven off at low heat, then the camphor sublimed at higher temperature, and pressed hydraulically into blocks for exporting.  The crude is forwarded often in leaf-lined baskets, 70 pounds (32 Kg.), to Tamsui, Takow, etc., there stored in vats, or packed in chests, tubs (lead- or tin-lined, 100 pounds (45 Kg., which prior to shipping, are saturated with water to prevent loss of weight by evaporation in transit, causing it to reach us somewhat moist.  When in vats a yellowish-brown volatile oil -- oil of camphor -- drains out, the amount increasing with pressure.  There are two varieties: 1, Japan (Tub, Dutch -- they being the first to introduce it), lighter pink, larger grained, higher priced, cleaner, dryer; usually from Batavia; 2, China (Formosa), cheapest, most abundant; usually from Canton.  As such "crude camphor" contains 2-10 p.c. of impurities--vegetable matter, gypsum, salt, sulphur, chips, ammonium chloride, chlorinated products, etc. -- which must be removed before suitable for medicine.
    Refining. -- Formerly done exclusively in Europe, but now largely in Formosa and our country, by mixing crude camphor with 1/50 part of quicklime (iron filings, sand, or charcoal) to remove resin, empyreumatic oil, moisture, etc., then resubliming at 175-204 degrees C. (347-400 degrees F.) In iron, copper or glass retorts, and pressing into rectangular blocks or circular cakes.
    ADULTERATIONS. -- Rare: Stearic acid 25-50 p.c., insoluble in alcohol except when hot, crystallizing therefrom upon cooling; cane-sugar (sucrose) 20 p.c.
    CONSTITUENTS. -- C₁₀H₁₂O₅;When heated with zinc chloride yields cymol, C₁₀H₁₄; with nitric acid yields camphoric acid, C₁₀H₁₆O₄, and camphoronic acid, C₉H₁₂O₅; the former acid forms colorless, inodorous prisms (see page 232); the latter acid melts at 136 degrees C. (277 degrees F.) With decomposition and is freely soluble in water or alcohol.
    PREPARATIONS. -- 1.  Aqua Camphorae.  Camphor Water.  (Syn., Aq. Camph., Aqua Camphorata, Mistura Camphorae; Fr. Eau camphre' Ger. Kampferwasser.)
    Manufacture: 1. 1/5 p.c.  Triturate powdered camphor .2 Gm. With purified talc 1.5 Gm. + distilled water 100 cc., agitate well, set aside 24 hours, filter repeatedly until clear; it is a saturated solution.  Dose, 3j-8 (4-30 cc.).
    2.  Linimentum Camphorae.  Camphor Liniment.  (Syn., Lin. Camph., Camphorated Oil, Linimentum Camphoratum; Fr. (Liniment) Huile camphre; Ger. Oleum Camphoratum, Kampferol, Kampferliniment.)
 Manufacture: 20 p.c.  Heat in a flask on water-bath cottonseed oil 80 Gm., add camphor 20, stopper container and agitate occasionally until dissolved without further heating; used externally.
    Prep.: 1.  Ceratum Camphorae, N.F., 10 p.c.
    3.  Spiritus Camphorae.  Spirit of Camphor.  (Syn., Sp. Camph., Tinctura Camphorae, Tincture of Camphor, Alcohol Camphoratus; Fr. (Esprit de) Alcohol camphre; Ger. Spiritus camphoratus, Kampferspiritus.)
    Manufacture: 10 p.c.  Dissolve 10 Gm. Camphor in alcohol 80 cc., add alcohol q.s. 100 cc., sp. gr. 0.825.  Test: 1.  To 5 cc. add .05 Gm. of anhydrous potassium carbonate -- latter does not liquefy or adhere to bottom of container (abs. of added water).  Dose, mv-60 (.3-4 cc.).
    PREPS.: 1.  Lotio Ammoniacalis Camphorata, N.F., 1 p.c.  2.  Mistura Opii et Chloroformi Composita, N.F., 20 p.c.  3.  Mistura Opii et Rhei Composita, N.F., 20 p.c.  4.  Tinctura Opii et Gambir Composita, N.F., 4 p.c.
    4.  Linimentum Saponis, 4.5 p.c.  5.  Linimentum Chloroformi, 3.15 p.c.  6.  Tinctura Opii Camphorat a, 2/5 p.c.  7.  Ampullae Camphorae, N.F., 3 ½ gr.  8.  Chloral Camphoratum; N.F., each, 50 p.c.  9.  Emplastrum Fuscum Camphoratum, N.F., 1 p.c.  10.  Linimentum Saponato-Camphoratum, N.F., 2.5 p.c.  11.  Menthol Camphoratum, N.F., 47.5 p.c. 12.  Petroxolinum Chloroformi Camphoratum, N.F., 20 p.c.  13.  Petroxolinum Phenolis Camphoratum, N.F., 37.2 p.c.  14.  Pilulae Opii et Camphorae, N.F., 2 gr.  15.  Unguentum Camphorae, N.R., 22 p.c.  16. Linimentum Belladonnae, N.F., 5 p.c.  17. Linimentum Opii Compositum, N.F., 1.75 p.c.  18.  Linimentum Sinapis Compositum, N.F., 6 p.c.  19.  Nebula Aromatica, N.F., 8/10 p.c.  20.  Nebula Mentholis Composita, N.F., 1 p.c.  21.  Pilulae Antiperiodicae, N.F., 1/8 gr. 22. Tinctura Antiperiodica, N.F., 1/5 p.c.
    Unoff. Preps.: Linimentum Camphorae Ammoniatum (Br.) 12.5 p.c., + stronger ammonia water 25 p.c.; Vinum Camphoratum. Camphora Phenolata, Camphora Salicylata, etc.  Enters universally into camphorice, dentifrices, etc.
    PROPERTIES. -- Antispasmodic, stimulant, carminative, stomachic, (an) aphrodisiac, antipyretic, nervine, sedative, diaphoretic, rubefacient, resolvent, antiseptic.  Has great healing powers; dilates vessels, increases flow of gastric juice and peristalsis.
    USES. -- Camphor was not known to Greeks or Romans, we having derived it from the Arabians, who use it solely as a refrigerant and to lessen sexual desire.  Now employed in hysteria, dysmenorrhea, nervousness, diarrhea, colic, flatulence, rheumatism, gout, tenesmus, asthma, cough, coryza, toothache, headache, spasms, chorea, epilepsy, nausea, typhoid condition, mania.  Externally as a wash, liniment, or ointment for ulcers, gangrene, scabies, sprains, bruises, rheumatic pains, convulsions.
 Poisoning: Have burning pain, vomiting, weak pulse, giddiness, debility, pallor, cold, clammy skin, faintness, confused ideas, delirium, convulsions, death from collapse; does not kill healthy adults.  Give water at once if camphor taken in alcoholic solution, induce vomiting, following with alcohol in small but frequent doses, coffee, cold, arterial sedatives, ether, artificial heat, castor oil; opium and bromides for the convulsions.
    Incompatibles: Antispasmodics, alcohol, opium, narcotics, aromatics, all in small quantity.
    Synergists: Antispasmodics, alcohol, opium, narcotics, aromatics, all in small quantit.
    Allied Products:
    1.  Camphora Monobromata.  Monobromated Camphor, C₁₀H₁₅BrO. -- This ortho-monobromcamphor is obtained by heating together in a flask or retort camphor and bromine in molecular proportions (preferably with a little water or chloroform) until reaction ceases, allowing yellowish solution to crystallize, heating until mass becomes white, recrystallizing from alcohol or petroleum benzin.  It is in colorless prismatic needles, scales, or powder, mild, characteristic, camphoraceous odor and taste, permanent, decomposed by exposure to sunlight, soluble in alcohol (6.5), chloroform. (.5), ether (1.6), almost insoluble in water; melts at 75 degrees C. (167 degrees F.).  Nervous sedative in nervous irritation, insomnia, headache--no advantages over camphor.  Dose, gr. 1-5 (.06-.3 Gm.), in pill, emulsion.
    2.  Acidum Camphoricum, Camphoric Acid, C₁₀H₁₆O₄, U.S.P. 1900.--This dibasic organic acid is obtained by oxidizing camphor 150 Gm. with hot nitric acid 2000 cc., until crystallization takes place, dissolving crystals in water (5) containing sodium carbonate, allowing solution of sodium camphorate to crystallize, dissolving crystals in water (10), decomposing with hydrochloric acid, when camphoric acid crystallizes out.  It is in colorless, odorless, monoclinic prismatic crystals, plates, acid taste, melting at 187 degrees C. (369 degrees F.), soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, fatty oils, water (125).  Antihydrotic, antiseptic, intestinal disinfectant, anticatarrhal; bronchitis, catarrh, cystitis, night-sweats of phthisis, diarrhea, sore throat, pyelitis, eczema, acne.  Dose, gr. 5-30 (.3-2 Gm.); locally in 2-6 p.c. aqueous solutions, with 11 p.c. of alcohol to each 1 p.c. of acid.
    3.  Borneol, Borneo, Sumatra, or Barus Camphor (Dryobal'anops aromat'ica (Camphora), C₁₀H₁₅O, has different odor from official camphor, heavier than water, less volatile, with nitric acid yields ordinary camphor.
    4.  Ngai Camphor (Blu'mea balsamif'era). -- This is a tall weed of India, China, Formosa.  Its camphor has same composition as Borneo, but is levorotatory, and natively is prized higher than our official.
    5.  Artificial Camphor. -- Although this can be made by oxidizing camphene, C₁₀H₁₆, with chromic acid mixture, yet the more recent process is based upon the interaction of anhydrous turpentine and anhydrous oxalic acid at 120-130 degrees C. (248-266 degrees F.), yielding pinyl oxalate and formate, which treated with lime gives borneol, and this by oxidation becomes camphor; however, the products terpin hydrate and terpene hydrochloride are recognized generally under this name--the latter being prepared by saturating oil of turpentine, dissolved in twice its volume of carbon disulphide, with hydrochloric acid gas, distilling with lime to form calcium chloride and camphene, oxidizing latter with nitric acid yielding camphor.
    6.  Oleum Camphorae, Camphor Oil, U.S.P. 1860-1870. -- This is a yellowish-brown volatile oil obtained from camphor by sublimation and expression; has camphor odor and taste, sp. gr. 0.940, dextrorotatory; contains pinene, phellandrene, cineol, dipentene, terpineol, safrol, eugenol, cadinene--at low temperature deposits camphor; used by Chinese for rheumatism, etc.  Should not be confounded with Linimentum Camphorae, U.S.P., which also often is called oil of camphor (Ger. Oleum Camphoratum).
 

Canarium

    Cana'rium commu'ne, Manila Elemi, Elemi. -- Philippine Islands.  The oleoresin exudes from incisions in the bark of a tall tree; it is soft, yellowish, granular crystalline, when cold friable; odor strong, resembling fennel and lemon, terebinthinate; taste bitter, pungent; contains volatile oil 10-15 p.c., amorphous resin (brein) 60 p.c. (soluble in cold alcohol), crystalline resin (amyrin) 25 p.c., bryoidin, breidin, elemic acid, C35H40O4 (crystalline).  Stimulant, irritant; in plaster and ointment.
 

Canella

    Canel'la Wintera'na (al'ba), Canella, Canellae Cortex, White Cinnamon, N.F. -- Canellaceae.  The dried rossed bark with not more than 2 p.c. of foreign organic matter; W. Indies.  Tree 9-15 M. (30-50 degrees) high, recognized by whitish bark, leaves thick; flowers whwite, aromatic; fruit, berries 12 Mm. (1/2') long, blackish.  Bark, in quills, usually 5-15 Cm. (2-6') long, 1-4 Cm. (2/5-1 2/3') broad, irregular fragments, periderm mostly removed, pale orange-brown, scaly, shallow fissures, ridges; inner surface pale yellow, smoothish; fracture short and sharp; odor slight; unless heated--cinnamon-like; taste aromatic, warm, bitter, mucilaginous.  Powder, light brown--numerous stone cells, calcium oxalate rosettes, starch grains, oil cells; solvent: diluted alcohol; contains volatile oil (having eugenal) 1 p.c., resin 8 p.c., bitter principle, calcium oxalate, starch.  Aromatic stimulant, tonic, condiment; atonic dyspepsia, menorrhagia, amenorrhea--due to anemia.  Dose, gr. 5-30 (.3-2 Gm.); 1.  Pulvis Aloes (80) et Canellae (20), Hiera Picra, dose, gr 5-10 (.3-.6) Gm.)
 
 

    Cannabis sativa, Linne.    The dried flowering tops of pistillate plants with not more than10 p.c. fruits, large foliage leaves, stems over 3 Mm (1/8') thick, nor 2 p.c. other foreign organic matter, yielding Not more than 5 p.c. acid-insoluble ash.
    Habitat.  Asia, Persia, hills of N. India; cultivated in India, Europe, C. And S. Russia, Brazil, W. And S. United States.
    Syn.  Cannab., Cannabis Indica, U.S.P. 1900, Guaza, Ganjah, Indian Hemp, Black Indian Hemp, Tristram's Knot, Bangue, Hashish, Halish, Gallow Grass Hemp, Neck or Nick Weed, S. Andrew's-lace, Welsh Parsley, Bang, Bhang, Gunjah Churrus Charas, Ganja (dried flowers); Fr. Chanvre (Indien); Ger. Hanf, Indischer Hanf.
    Can'na-bis.  L. Gr...., hemp, fr. ganch, its Arabic name.  Celtic can, reed + ah, small -- i.e., its slender stems.
    Sa-ti'va. L. Sativus, that which is sown or planted -- i.e., in the gardens and fields for use.
    In'di-ca. L. Indicus.  Gr...., pertaining to India -- i.e., its habitat.
    PLANT. -- Annual herb; stem 1-3 M. (3-10 degrees) high, angular, tomentose; leaves palmate-compound; leaflets 5-7 linear-lanceolate, serrate; flowers dioecious, yellow spikes, FLOWERING TOPS, separate, or in more or less agglutinated masses, fragments consisting of short stems with leaf-like bracts, pistillate flowers or somewhat developed fruits, greenish-brown; odor agreeable, heavy, narcotic; taste acrid, pungent.  POWDER, dark green -- leaf epidermis with oval stomata beneath, numerous non-glandular hairs usually with calcium carbonate masses, glandular hairs 2 kinds, yellowish -- brown laticiferous vessels, calcium oxalate rosette aggregates, tracheae and phloem, embryo and endosperm tissues with numerous oil globules, aleurone grains (crystalloids, globoids); on slide -- effervesces with diluted hydrochloric acid; alcoholic solution bright green; alcoholic extractive 8 p.c.  Should not be kept longer than 1 year, when it usually is only one-fourth as strong as the fresh, and in 2 years it practically is inert.  Solvent: alcohol.  Dose, gr. 1-5 (.06-.3) Gm.).
    Commercial. -- Plant was known to the Romans, but not to the Egyptians, and has been cultivated universally many centuries for fiber, seed, and medicine -- that for the latter at present being grown mostly in the two districts, Bogra and Rajshabi, north of Calcutta, in rows, the richest in resin at 1,800-2,400 M. (6,000-8,000 degrees) elevation.  When mature (indicated by brown color and falling of leaves) the flowering branches are cut off, May-June, cured by wilting, pressing, rolling, and shaking out leaves and fruits (if any of the latter have developed), and as such is recognized natively by the Hindustani      names, ganja, gunjah; the rolling and treading are performed by human feet, an art demanding training, the object being possibly to work resinous matter from stems into inflorescence tips.  There are two kinds: 1, Round ganja, requiring 4 days for kneading each branch into a cylindrical or terete mass; 2, Flat ganja, requiring 2 days for working into a flat form; the Bengal (Calcutta) ganja (best) is brownish or dusty, the Bombay bright green.  Variability in the drug may be due to the presence of staminate flowers, leaves, fruits, cold weather, inopportune collecting (not later than 4 days after maturing), intentional removal of resin, excessive age (losing most of its properties within a year).  Great care is taken to prevent the flowing tops becoming fertilized by suppressing the male plants, as a single one is claimed to spoil an entire field; however, when for fiber or seed both male and female plants are cultivated together.  Our plant, often called Cannabis america'na, having escaped from native country, may possess slight variations owing to colder climate, but under proper cultivation and care may be as active as the India product, in spite of which it is regarded generally as being about one-fourth weaker.
    CONSTITUENTS. -- Cannabinol, Cannabin 15-20 p.c., choline (bilineurine--trimethylamine), volatile oil (chiefly sesquiterpene -- cannabene), C₁₀H₁₆, .3 p.c., bitter principle, paraffin, C₂₉H₆₀, chlorophyll, gum, sugar, potassium nitrate, ash 5-15 p.c.
    Cannabinol, C₂₁H₂₆0₂. -- This, to which the activity of the drug is due, may be obtained by exhausting cannabis with petroleum benzin, reclaiming latter, evaporating residue to dryness, and subjecting it, under pressure to fractional distillation at 210-240 degrees C. (410-464 degrees F.), when the distillate contains cannabinol and paraffin, the latter being removed with alcohol.  It is a poisonous, yellow or brownish syrupy liquid, darkening on exposure to air into inert, brittle pitchy mass, consequently must be kept, as well as preparations of the drug, in sealed containers; possibly same as Kobert's cannabindon.
    Cannabin. -- Resin constituent (resinoid), to which formerly was attributed all of the drug's activity, that now known to be due solely to its contained cannabinol; it may be obtained by treating cannabis with water and a solution of sodium carbonate, washing residue with ware, drying, exhausting with alcohol, treating tincture with milk of lime, precipitating lime with sulphuric acid, adding animal charcoal to filtrate, filtering, concentrating, and precipitating with water; it is a brown, amorphous resin, burning without ash, soluble in alcohol, ether, from the former being precipitated white by water.
    PREPARATIONS. -- 1.  Extractum Cannabis.  Extract of Cannabis.  (Syn., Ext. Cannab., Extract of (Indian) Cannabis (Hemp); Fr. Extrait de Chanvre (Indien); Ger. (Indisch) Hanfextrakt.)
    Manufacture: Macerate, peracolate 100 Gm. With alcohol until exhausted, reclaim alcohol, evaporate residue at 70 degrees C. (158 degrees F.), stirring frequently, to pilular consistence, mix thoroughly; after assay add enough storax or substandard extract of cannabis for biological standard; yield 12-14 p.c.  Dose, gr. 1/6-1 (.01-.06 Gm.): Prep.: 1.  Mistura Chloralis et Potassii Bromidi Composita, N.F., 1/5 p.c.
    2.  Fluidextractum Cannabis.  Fluidextract of Cannabis.  (Syn., Fldext. Cannab., Fluid Extract of Cannabis; Fr. Extrait fluide de Chanvre (Indien); Ger. (Indisch) Hanffluidextrakt.)
    Manufacture: Similar to Fluidextractum Colchici, page 111; menstruum: alcohol; after dissolving soft extract in the reserve, assay and adjust finished volume to its biological standard--amount producing incoordination in a dog; .1 cc. for every 2 pounds (1 Kg.) Of body weight.  Dose, mij-5 (.13-.3 cc.): Preps.: Collodium Salicylicum Compositum, N.F., 10 p.c.  2.  Mistura Chloroformi et Morphinae Composita, N.F., 1.85 p.c.
    UNOFF. PREP.: Tincture, 10 p.c. (alcohol), mv-30 (.3-2 cc.).  These preparations give varying results, but usually their value can be recognized by the color of the precipitate formed when added to water; if olive-green, it is active; if yellowish-brown, it is inert; thus, whatever there is that destroys chlorophyll injures the active principle.
    PROPERTIES. -- Anodyne, nervine, sudorific, narcotic, aphrodisiac, increases appetite.  It excels even belladonna in perverting perception, condition, and relation of objects; some subjects become pugnacious, others have delightful intoxicating dreams, in which time, distance, and sound are magnified -- a few minutes'dream extends over weeks, near objects as in infinite space, whispering as cannonading.  Large habitual doses bloat the face, inject eyes, make limbs tremulous, weak, mind imbecilic, death by marasmus.
    USES: Neuralgia, distressing cough, quiets tickling in throat, does not constipate or depress like opium; gout, delirium tremens, tetanus convulsions, chorea, hysteria, mental depression epilepsy, morphine and chloral habits, softening of the brain, nervous vomiting.
    Poisoning: Have pleasurable intoxication, double consciousness followed by drowsiness, unconsciousness, collapse, insensibility, dilated pupils, rapid pulse, slow respiration, debility, pale clammy insensitive skin, catalepsis, excited passion; effects usually last 24 hours, and closely resemble those of opium, differing, however, in not constipating and in not lessening secretions; increases appetite.  Give emetics, lemon juice to neutralize its effects, tannin, coffee, ammonia, strychnine, atropine, electricity, spirit of nitrous ether, artificial respiration; similar to chloral hydrate and opium.
    Incompatibles: Strychnine, caustic alkalies, acids.
    Synergists: Alcohol, ether, bromides, cocaine, narcotics.
    Allied Native Products:
    These are mostly used for smoking, beverages, or electuaries, etc.
    1.  Bhang (Sidhee, Subjee, Siddhi). -- Consists of the dried coarsely broken leaves and fruit (dark green), resembles ganja in odor and taste; used by natives in their sweet-meat (majoon), also smoked with or without tobacco; its cold infusion (tea) as an intoxicant.
    2.  Churrus, Churras, Charas. -- This is the resin (practically the active constituent) which exudes spontaneously from the entire plant in minute drops.  It is collected in several different ways: 1.  By men, wearing leather suits, brushing forcibly against growing plants, whereby resin adheres and afterward is scraped off.  2.  By rubbing green portions between the hands and then scraping off adhering resin.  3.  By frequent stirring around that put away in barns to cure, thus causing the resin to rise in the form of dust, and to deposit upon the roof and sides of the building, from which it can afterward be collected.  Owing to this being more or less impure it is not used in medicine, but solely smoked in pipes; contains usually cannabinol 33 p.c.
    3.  Hashish (Hasish, Haschisch, Hasash, Hasheesh -- Majoon). -- The Arabic name for hemp, signifying "green intoxicating liquor" fr. Heb. shesh, to be joyous.  This may consist of the dried tops collected before seed ripen, thereby resembling ganja, gunjah, but usually is more complex, being prepared by heating tender leaves and tops 4 parts, butter 3, water 4, until latter is dissipated, straining, washing twice the greenish extract with water, adding this to syrup (sugar 16, water 32, little milk, boil), heating, mystifying by incorporating stramonium or nux vomica; in Bengal a small amount of rose oil, musk, cardamom seed, cantharides, or opium to which mostly is due the deliriums, manias, dreams, sensualism), boiling half an hour, allowing to solidify, cutting into cakes; the Russians prefer it formed into cakes with the resinous extract.
    4.  Hemp Seed (Cannabis Semen). -- These are achenes 3 Mm (1/8') long, roundish, smooth, greenish, taste sweet, oily.  Used for birds chiefly, but, owing to the fixed oil, an emulsion becomes a valuable demulcent and anodyne; contain protein 22-24 p.c., fixed oil 28-36 p.c., suitable for painting, varnishing, etc.
    5.  Hemp Oil. -- A greenish fixed oil, lighter and brownish on exposure; odor hemp-like, taste mild.  Demulcent, protective; chiefly extracted for its possible use in the domestic arts; neither this nor seed possess narcotic properties.
    6.  Hemp Fiber. -- Used for cordage, sacking, sail cloths, clothing, etc.  The colder climates produce the best fibers, and the tropics that which is most medicinal and intoxicating.  Russia produces most of the hemp fiber, but Italy the best; that grown in the United States and India is inferior to that of the other two countries.
 

Capsicum annuum

    Capsicum an'nuum (lon'gum). -- Fruit, U.S.P. 1820-1860;Fruit,  5-10 Cm. (2-4') long, 2.5-4 Cm. (1-1 3/5') thick, oblong, conical, sometimes curved or subglobular, yellow or red, brown when dry.  Known in England as pod pepper, but often sold as chillies or capsicums, and is the kind recognized by the Ger. Phar.  C.fastigia'tum.--Fruit, once official, and like that which is now official, 8-12 Mm. (1/3-1/2') long, 3-4 Mm (1/8-1/6') thick.  C. Cerasifor'me, fruit resembles a cherry.  All three sometimes used for purposes similar to official.
 
 

    Capsicum frutescens,  Linne'   The dried ripe fruit, grown in Africa, with not more than 3 p.c. stems, calyxes, nor 1 p.c. other foreign organic matter, yielding not less than 12 p.c. non-volatile, ether-soluble extractive, nor more than 1.25 p.c. acid-insoluble ash.
    Habitat.  S. And C. America (Cayenne in Guiana), introduced into E. Indies, Java (by  Portuguese), also into Africa; cultivated in United States, also in tropics.
    Syn.  Capsic., Cayenne Pepper, African Chillies, Spanish, Red, Bird, Garden, Cayenne  Pepper, Chillies; Piper Hispanicum; Br. Capsici Fructus (C. minimum); Fr. Capsique,  Piment (rouge) des jardins, Poivre de Cayenne-, Guinee or d'Inde; Ger. Fructus Capsici,  Spanischer Pfeffer, Schlotenpfeffer.
    Cap'si-cum.  L. Capsa, a box -- i.e., shape of the fruit; or from Gr..         To bite--i.e., from  its hot, pungent properties.
    Fru-tes'cens.  L. Frutex, shrub, bush -- i.e., somewhat shrub-like in habit and  appearance.
    PLANT. -- Small, spreading shrub, .6-1 m. (2-3 degrees) high; stem much branched; leaves alternate, 5-7.5 Cm. (2-3') long, entire, glabrous; flowers 2-3 together in the bifurcations, greenish-yellow, July-Aug.; ovary 2-celled, many ovules.  FRUIT, oblong, conical, usually compressed, 10-25 Mm. (2/5-1') long, 4-8 Mm. (1/6-1/3') broad, 2-3-locular, dissepiments united to placenta at base of fruit, brownish-red, orange (pericarp), glabrous, dull, thin, shriveled, striate, membranous, 6-21 yellowish flattened seed, pointed micropyle; odor characteristic, sternutatory; taste intensely pungent.  POWDER, yellowish-brown--thin-walled parenchyma with oil globules, epidermal cells of pericarp and seed-coat and stone cells of endocarp.  Tests:  1.  Fragments of pericarp with outer epidermis consisting of irregular cells not in rows but with strongly beaded radial walls and a hypodermis of angular cells with thickened, beaded walls--pres. of Japanese or East Indian capsicum.  2.  Macerate 1 Gm. + alcohol 50 cc., 4 days, in a stoppered flask; add to .1 cc. Clear supernatant liquid 140 cc. distilled water containing 10 p.c. of sucrose; 5 cc. of this dilution swallowed--at once the pungent sensation of capsicum in the throat of two out of three individuals.
    ADULTERATIONS. -- FRUIT: Fruits of allied species; POWDER: Red oxide of lead, colored sawdust, bran, etc.--the former recognized by adding diluted nitric acid to dissolve lead and precipitating same with sodium sulphate--the two latter by the microscope; corn meal, starch (iodine test), ash 15-18.4 p.c.
    Commercial. -- Plant largely cultivated in our country to supply demand.  Fruit is plucked, exposed to sun until dried, then packed in suitable shape for market; much imported from India, Africa -- Liberia, Zanzibar, Natal, Bombay, Penang, Pegu, Cayenne, etc.

[ILLUSTRATION] Capsicum frutescens.

    CONSTITUENTS. -- Capsaicin (capsacutin, capsicin) .02 p.c., Capsicine, Volatile oil, fixed oil, fatty acids (oleic, stearic, palmitic), resin, red coloring matter (cholesterin ester of the fatty acids), ash 7 p.c., of which 1 p.c. is insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
    Capsaicin, C₁₈H₂₈O₃N. -- Considered the chief active constituent--identical with capsacutin, resides mostly in the pericarp and placenta, and is obtained by adding diluted caustic alkali to the petroleum extract, passing CO₂ through this alkaline solution, when it crystallizes out in colorless form.  It is soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene, fixed oils, and its vapors are intenssely acrid and irritating.  It has also been obtained as an oleoresin (capsicin capsicol), amorphous resin-like acid, to which the red coloring matter persistently adheres.  Dose gr. 1/10-1/4 (.006-.016 Gm.).
    Capsicine. -- This occurs in small quantity; it is a volatile alkaloid, having odor of coniine -- devoid of pungency -- and is an oil liquid, not existing in the unripe fruit, but results from decomposition processes in ripening.
    Volatile Oil. -- Obtained by distillation and gives to the fruit its odor.
    PREPARATIONS. -- 1.  Oleoresina Capsici.  Oleoresin of Capsicuum.  (Syn., Oleores. Capsic.; Fr. Oleoresine (Extrait ethere) de Capsique; Ger. Spanisch-pfeffer-oelharz.)
    Manufacture: Percolate slowly, in a covered glass percolator, 100 Gm., with ether, added in successive portions, until 160 cc. of percolate obtained, reclaim most of the ether on water bath, transfer residue to a dish, allow remaining ether to evaporate spontaneously in a warm place, remote from a naked flame, pour off liquid portion, transfer remainder to a glass funnel with pledget of cotton; when separated fatty matter (which is to be rejected) has drained, mix liquid portions; yield 12-15 p.c.  Should be kept in wewll-stoppered   bottles.  Dose, m1/4-1 (.016-.06 cc.).

[ILLUSTRATION]  Capsicum   Fruit: magnified.  Fruit: cross-section, magnified annuum: fresh fruit one-half natural size.

    Prep.: 1.  Emplastrum Capsici.  Capsicum Plaster.  (Syn., Emp. Capsic.; Fr. Sparadra(pum) Capsici (de Capsique); Ger. Capsicumpflaster.
    Manufacture: Apply oleoresin of capsicum to the surface of rubber plaster so as to form a thin, even coating, leaving a margin around the edges; each 15 Cm. Of spread plaster contains .25 Gm. Of oleoresin of capsicum--requiring about 6m; .4 cc.
    2.  Tinctura Capsici.  Tincture of Capsicum.  (Syn., Tr. Capsic.; Fr. Teinture de Piment des jardins; Ger. Spanischpfeffertinktur.)
    Manufacture: 10 p.c.  Similar to Tinctura Veratri Viridis, page 104; menstruum: 95 p.c. alcohol.  Dose, mx-60 (.6-4 cc.).
 Preps.: 1.  Mistura Chloroformi et Morphonae Composita, N.F., 2.5 p.cv.  2.  Mistura    Opii et Chloroformi Composita, N.F. 10 p.c. 3. Mistura Opii et Rhei Composita, N.F.,    10 p.c.
    3.  Pulvis Aromaticus Rubefaciens, N.F., 20 p.c.  4.  Pulvis Myricae Compositus, N.F., 5 p.c.  5.  Tinctura Capsici et Myrrhae, N.F., 3 p.c. + myrrh 12, 90 p.c. alcohol q.s.  Dose, mx-60 (.6-4 cc.).
    Unoff. Preps.: Extract, gr. 1/2-2 (.03-.13 Gm.).  Fluidextract (alcohol), mj-5 (.06-.3 cc.).  Infusion, 5 p.c., 3ij-4 (8-15 cc).  Ointment (Br.), 20 p.c.
    PROPERTIES. -- Stimulant, stomachic, rubefacient, condiment diaphoretic; stimulates flow from salivary, gastric, and intestinal glands, also the stomach walls and heart.  Long continuance may produce -- chronic gastritis, abdominal pain; large quantity -- acute gastritis, renal inflammation, strangury.
    USES. -- Indigestion, dyspepsia, atonic gout, alcoholism, delirium tremens, intermittents; flatulent colic, low fevers, cholera, menorrhagia, seasickness, tonsillitis, scarlet fever, diphtheria, hemorrhoids; externally--lumbago, rheumatism, neuralgia, chilblains, relaxed uvula.  Was known to the Romans, and used in E. Indies from time immemorial.
 

Carica

    Car'ica Papa'ya, Pawpaw, Melon Tree; Papayotin, Papain, Caricin. -- An albuminous ferment from the fruit; Tropical America.  Tree 6 M. (20 degrees) high, stem 30 Cm. (12') thick, fruit approximates the size of one's head, and contains an acrid, astringent, bitter, milky juice, which soon separates into a coagulum and aqueous liquid, from which latter papayotin is precipitated upon the addition of alcohol.  It is a whitish, hygroscopic powder, inodorous, tasteless, soluble in water, glycerin, active in neutral, acid, but more so in alkaline solutions; it converts starch into maltose, albuminoids into peptones, and emulsifies fats; should digest 200 times its weight.  Papoid, Caroid, etc., are weaker forms (dried juice); slightly inferior to pepsin, greatly inferior to pancreatin.  Dose, gr. 2-5 (.13-.3 Gm.).
 

Carthamus

    Car'thamus tincto'rius, Safflower. -- The dried florets, U.S.P. 1820-1870, India, cultivated, in America, etc.  Annual herb, .3-.6 M. (1-2 degrees) high, branched; leaves spinose; flowers orange-red, corolla tubular, 2.5 Cm. (1') long, 5-lobed; odor slight, taste bitter; contains volatile oil, carthamin (red) .5 p.c., saffron yellow 24-30 p.c.  Diaphoretic (hot infusion), tonic, laxative; measles scarlatina (to promote eruption), catarrh, rheumatism; in infusion.  Dose, gr. 5-15 (.3-1 Gm.).
 

[ILLUSTRATION] Carthamus tinctorius.
 
 

    Carum Carvi (Carui), Linne.  (The dried ripe fruit, with not more than 3 p.c. of other fruits, seeds or foreign organic matter, yielding not more than 1.5 p.c. acid-insoluble ash.)
    Habitat.  C. And W. Asia, Himalayas, Caucasus, Europe, Siberia; cultivated in England,  Norway, Russia, Germany, Holland, Morocco, United States.
    Syn.  Caraway Seed (Fruit), Carawayseed, Caravies; Br. Carui Fructus; Fr. Carui, Carvi,  Cumin des Pres; Ger. Fructus Carvi, Kummel, Gemeiner Kummel.
    Ca'rum.  L. Careum, fr. Gr. Kapov, after Caria, in Asia Minor -- i.e., its original habitat.   Carui was the name used by medieval pharmacists for the drug.
    Car'vi.  L. For carvy, carvey.  Ar. Karawya, Eng. Caraway.  Here frequently the word  Carui is used, thus assimilating L. Gen., as though for Carui Semina.
    PLANT. -- Biennial herb; stem .3-1 M. 1-3 degrees) high, hollow; leaves bi-or tripinnate, deeply incised; flowers May-June, small, white, no involucre; root fleshy, fusiform, white.  FRUIT, cremocarp, usually in 2 separated mericarps; curved, tapering, toward both ends, 3-7 Mm. (1/8-1/4') long, 2 Mm, (1/12') broad, dark brown, 5 yellow filiform ribs, dorsal surface 4 vittae, commissural surface 2, endosperm large, oily; odor and taste aromatic.  POWDER, yellowish-brown--outer epidermal cells characterized by a waviness and striping of the cuticle; endosperm cells containing aleurone grains with the embedded rosette aggregates; tracheae, lignified fibers, oil tubes.  Solvents: alcohol; water partially.  Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.).
    ADULTERATIONS. -- Allied and occasionally exhausted (drawn) fruits--having shriveled appearance; seeds of weeds--    usually yielding starch in the powder; dirt -- showing excess of ash.
    Commercial. -- Fruit ripens in the 2d year, August, when the plant is cut down, dried, and thrashed on cloth.  There are five varieties: 1, Holland (Dutch), finest; 2,  German; 3, English, shortest ; 4, Mogador, longest, lightest; 5, American, the result of home cultivation in gardens, being quite aromatic but smaller than the German, these two constituting nearly our total supply; yield 8-10 hundred-weight per acre; root, resembling that of parsnip, is employed as food in N. Europe.
    CONSTITUENTS. -- Volatile oil 5-7 p.c., fixed oil, resin, tannin, sugar, gum, ash 5-8 p.c.; no starch.
 Oleum Cari Oil of Caraway, U.S.P. -- (Syn., Ol. Cari., Caraway Oil; Br. Oleum Carui; Fr. Essence de Carvi; Ger. Oleum Carvi, Kummelol, Carvon.)  This volatile oil, obtained by steam distillation from the dried ripe fruit, should yield not less than 50 p.c. of carvone, and is a colorless, pale yellow liquid, characteristic odor and taste, soluble in 8 vols. of 80 p.c. alcohol, sp. gr. 0.905, dextrorotatory; contains a ketone -- carvone (d-carvone, carvol), C₁₀H₁₄O, at least 50 (50-65) p.c., a terpene -- carvene (d-carvene, citrene, hesperidene, d-limonene), C₁₀H₁₆, 35-50 p.c., and an alcohol, C₁₀H₁₇OH, etc.  Carvone may be obtained by treating the oil with alcoholic solution of ammonium sulphide, decomposing the resulting crystals with potassium hydroxide; it is a viscid, yellowish, oily liquid, creosote odor and taste, closely related to menthol and myristicol, identical with thymol, cuminic alcohol and carvacrol, this latter being the product of distilling a mixture of caraway oil and potassium or sodium hydroxide (thus expelling carvene), decomposing residue with sulphuric acid, rectifying; useful in toothache, by inserting it into cavity.  Should be kept cool, dark, in well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles.  Dose, mij-5 (.13-.3 cc.).
    PREPARATIONS. -- FRUIT: 1, Tinctura Cardamomi Composita, 1.2 p.c.  OIL: 1.  Mistura Caminative, N.F., 1/20 p.c.  2.  Spiritus Cardamomi Compositus, N.F. 1/20 p.c.
    Unoff.  Preps.:  FRUIT: Fluidextract, mx-30 (.6-2 cc.).  Infusion, 5 p.c., 3j-2 (30-60 cc.).  Water (Br.), 100 Gm. + water 2000 cc., distil 1000 cc.  OIL: Spirit.
    PROPERTIES. -- Carminative, stimulant, diuretic, stomachic.
    USES. -- Flatulent colic, especially of infants, corrective to nauseous purgatives, flavoring, toothache (carvacrol), as a spice in cakes, bread, etc.  The oil is used mostly, which acts externally like other essential oils, as an anesthetic, etc.
 
 

    Caryophyllus aromaticus, Linne'.  (The dried flower-buds with not more than 5 p.c. stems nor 1 p.c. other foreign organic matter, yielding not less than 15 p.c. volatile ether-soluble extractive nor more than 10 p.c. crude fiber nor .75 p.c. acid-insoluble ash.
    Habitat.  Molucca (Spice or Clove) Islands, five in number, N.E. of Celebes, now  mostly abandoned there, but cultivated in Indian Ocean islands, Amboyna group,  Sumatra, Malacca, Penang, etc., S. America, Brazil, Guiana, Cayenne, Africa, Zanzibar,  West Indies.
    Syn.  Caryoph, Cloves, Mother Cloves, Caryophylli Aromatica; Br. Caryophyllum; Fr.  Girofle, Clous (aromatiques) de Girofle; Ger. Gewurznelken; Flores Caryophylli,Nagelin.
    Car-y-o-phyl'lus.  L. Fr. Gr. ..., a nut, + ..., a leaf -- i.e., referring to the appearance  of flower buds.
    Ar-o-mat'i-cus.  L. Aromatic, fragrant -- i.e., its aromatic aroma, odor. Clove.  L. clovus,  a nail -- i.e., the resemblance of its dried flowers.
    PLANT. -- Handsome evergreen tree, 9-12 M. (30-40 degrees) high, much branched, forming a pyramidal crown; bark yellowish; leaves 10 Cm. (4') long, 5 Cm. (2') wide, entire, smooth, glandular, parallel veins to midrib, petiolate; flowers 15-20, rose-color, cymes; fruit berry-like.  FLOWER-BUDS (clove), tack-shaped, 10-17.5 Mm. (2/5-3/4') long, dark brown, consisting of a stem-like solid, inferior ovary, obscurely 4-angled, terminated by 4 calyx teeth, and surmounted by a nearly globular head, consisting of 4 petals enclosing numerous curved stamens and 1 style; odor strongly aromatic; taste pungent, aromatic, followed by slight numbness; pressed strongly between thumbnail and finger -- volatile oil visible; should not float horizontally on water; stems, separate or attached, sub-cylindrical, 4-angled, 25 Mm. (1') long, 4 Mm. (1/6') thick, simple, branched jointed, less aromatic than flower-buds.  POWDER, dark brown -- parenchyma fragments with large oil reservoirs, spiral tracheae, few bast-fibers, calcium oxalate rosette aggregates, numerous tetrahedral pollen grains. Tests: 1. Stone cells irregular or polygonal, with thick porous walls and large lumina, often filled with yellowish-brown amorphous substance -- few or absent (abs. of less than 5 p.c. of stems).  2.  No starch grains present (abs of clove fruit or cereals).  Solvents: alcohol (volatile oil, resin); water (odor--part of volatile oil but none of the pungent resin).  Dose, gr. 5-10 (.3-.6 Gm.).

[ILLUSTRATION] Caryophyllus aromaticus.  Caryophyllus: a, natural size; b, longitudinal section magnified.

    ADULTERATIONS. -- FLOWER-BUDS: Clove-stalks, 2 Mm. (1/12') thick, brown, contain volatile oil 4-5 p.c., for which they are imported as well as for their well-defined stone cells; mother clove (clove fruit, anthophylli) collected just before ripe, 2.5 Gm. (1') long, resemble clove, but thicker, lighter, weaker, with 4-lobed calyx, each cell 1-2-seeded, contain volatile oil 2-4 p.c.; exhausted clove, such as have undergone partial or complete exhaustion and distillation; pimenta, different shape and aroma; an artificial clove molded from a paste has been reported; POWDER: All of the above -- detected chiefly by peculiar starch grains, stone cells, and weakness of the preparations; cassia; ginger; sand; starch; flour; pepper shells.  OIL: That from which eugenol has been abstracted or foreign eugenol added; clove-stem oil, alcohol, oils of turpentine, cinnamon, pimenta and copaiba, petroleum, fixed oils, phenol.
    Commercial. -- Trees yield when 6 years old, reach perfection at 12 and thence decline until, at 20 they perish.  Clove (flowers, buds) at first are white, then green, pink, and bright red, being collected at the pink stage by hand-picking on ladders and platforms, or by beating the trees with bamboos and catching the falling buds upon outspread cloths, after which they are dried by sun or slowly by fire.  Each tree yields 5 pounds (2.3 Kg.), which are disposed of at 10 cents per pound (.5 Kg.).  Clove was unknown to the ancients, having been brought to Europe by the Arabians and Venetians, while the Portuguese and Dutch long monopolized the trade.  Now mostly from Zanzibar, the finest from Penang, some from Pemba, or via Bombay; however, much of our supply is from W. Indies, Cayenne, Guiana, etc.  There are three varieties: 1, Molucca (Amboyna), thickest, heaviest, darkest, most oily and aromatic; two annual harvest s, June, Dec., in the Moluccas; 2, Sumatra (Bencoolen), considered by some of equal high grade as the preceding; 3, S. American, usually not so fine, but the freshest, contain volatile oil 10-15 p.c.
    Clove(s) that are light (floating horizontally on water), small, soft, wrinkled, of pale color, feeble taste and smell, often without corolla bud or "head," are inferior from having been treated with a menstruum, or careless picking (including immature green and red buds) and drying (which should be done quickly and without exposure to bad weather), and should not be used direct or in obtaining the oil.
    CONSTITUENTS. -- Volatile oil 18 p.c., eugenol, eugenin (white pearly scales, isomeric with eugenol -- red with nitric acid), C₁₀H₁₂O₂, caryophyllin, tannin 10-13 p.c., resin (tasteless) 6 p.c., gum 13 p.c., vanillin, furfurol, green wax, cellulose 28 p.c., water 18 p.c., ash 4-8 p.c. (Of which .5 p.c. is insoluble in hydrochloric acid).
    Oleum Caryophylli. Oil of Clove, U.S.P. -- (Syn., Ol. Caryoph., Clove Oil, Oil of Cloves; Fr. Essence de Girofle; Ger. Oleum Caryophyllorum, Nelkenol, Eugenol.)  This volatile oil distilled from the dried flower-buds (clove) with water or steam, and usually 3 p.c. of sodium chloride, to raise the ebullition-point possibly to 109.5 degrees C. (229 degrees F.), is a colorless, pale yellow liquid, darker and thicker by age and exposure, characteristic odor and taste of clove, soluble in 2 vols. of 70 p.c., alcohol, levorotatory, sp. gr. 1.038-1.060; contains at least 82 (80-90) p.c. of eugenol, C₁₀H₁₂O₂ (heavy portion -- phenol), caryophyllene, C₁₅H₂₁ (light portion, polymeric with terpene, C₁₀H₁₆, sp. gr. 0.918--sesquiterpene), also 2-3 p.c. of eugenol acetate; methylamylketone (gives odor), vanillin, furfurol (causes oil to darken), methyl alcohol. Tests: 1.  Shake oil (1) with hot distilled water (20) -- shows only slight acid reaction; filtrate with 1 drop of ferric chloride T.S. -- transient grayish-green color, but not blue or violet (abs.of phenol).  Should be kept cool, dark, in well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles.  Dose, mj-5 (.06-.3 cc.).
    Eugenol.  Eugenol, C₁₀H₁₂O₂, U.S.P. -- (Syn., Eugenolum, Eugenin, Caryophyllic Acid Eugenic Acid, Allylguaiacol, Ethylmethyl-pyrocatechol, Para-oxy-metamethoxyallyl benzol.)  This unsaturated, aromatic phenol (found also in oils of bay, canella, camphor, cinnamon (Ceylon), sassafras, pimento, Massoi bark) is obtained by shaking oil of clove with excess of
5-10 p.c. solution of sodium hydroxide in a separator, drawing off resulting solution of eugenol sodium, washing aqueous liquid with ether, decomposing with diluted sulphuric acid, washing separated eugenol with sodium carbonate solution (to remove adhering acid), distilling with steam or in vacuo.  It is a colorless, pale yellow, thin liquid, strongly aromatic odor of clove; pungent, spicy taste; darker and thicker on exposure to air; miscible with alcohol, chloroform, ether, fixed oils, soluble in 2 volumes of 70 p.c. alcohol; mixed with hot distilled water (1 in 20) very slightly acid, sp. gr. 1.067, boils at 253 degrees C. (488 degrees F.); optically inactive and strongly refractive.  Tests: 1.  Dissolve 1 cc. In sodium hydroxide T.S. (12), add distilled water (18)--clear solution, turbid on exposure to air (abs. of hydrocarbons).  2.  Shake 1 cc. With distilled water (20); to 5 cc. of clear filtrate add 1 drop of ferric chloride T.S. -- transient, grayish-green, not blue or violet (abs of phenol); upon eugenol alone the value of oil of clove depends.  Should be kept cool, dark, in well-closed containers.  Dose, mj-5 (.06-.3 cc.).
    Carophyllin, C₁₀H₁₆O. -- Obtained by treating ethereal extract of clove with water, filtering and treating the resulting precipitate with ammonia to purify; occurs in tasteless, inodorous silky needles, soluble in ether, slowly in alcohol, colored red with sulphuric acid, and by oxidation with nitric acid yields crystals of caryophyllinic acid, C₁₀H₂₂O₆.
    PREPARATIONS. -- CLOVE: 1.Tinctura Lavandulae Composita, ½ p.c. 2.  Tinctura Rhei Aromatica, 4 p.c.  3.  Pulv. Arom. Rubefac., Rubefac.  Spice Powder, N.F., 30 p.c., + cinnam. 30, zingib. 20, capsic.20.  4. Pulv. Cret. Arom., N.F. 3 p.c.:   Prep.: 1.  Pulv. Cret. Et Opii Arom., N.F., 97.5 p.c.  5.  Pulv. Myric. Co., Composition Powder, N.F., 5 p.c.  6.  Syr. Senn. Arom., N.F., 2/5 p.c.  7.  Tr. Arom., N.F., 2 p.c.  8.  Tr. Opii Crocat., N.F., 3/5 p.c.  9.  Tr Viburn, Opul. Co., N.F., 5 p.c.  OIL: 1.  Acet. Arom., N.F., 1/10 p.c.  2.  Dentif., N.F. 1/20 p.c.  3. Fldglycer. Casc. Sagr. Arom., N.F., 1/10 p.c. 4.  Lavat. Ori., N.F., 1 p.c.  5.  Liq. Pepsin, Arom., N.F., 1/20 p.c.  6.  Nebul. Arom., N.F., 1/5 p.c.  7. Ol. Ricin, Arom., N.F., 1/10 p.c.  8.  Sp. Card. Co., N.F., ½ p.c.  9. Syr. Eriodict. Arom., N.F., 1/10 p.c.  EUGENOL: 1.  Mist. Ol.-Balsam, N.F., 2/5 p.c.
    Unoff. Preps.: Infusion (Br.)  2.5 p.c., 3ss-1 (15-30 cc.).  Inf. Aurant. Co. (Br.), .5 p.c. Tinct., 25 p.c. (Fr. alc.), 3ss-1 (2-4 cc.)
    PROPERTIES. -- Stimulant, stomachic, carminative, antiemetic, aromatic, antispasmodic, rubefacient, germicide, antiseptic.  Increases circulation, temperature, digestion, nutrition; excreted by kidneys, skin, liver, bronchi -- stimulating and disinfecting each.
    USES. -- Nausea, vomiting, flatulence, colic, indigestion, condiment, corrective; externally in rheumatism, neuralgia, toothache (oil + oil of peppermint + chloral hydrate, aa q.s.), in liniments, etc.; spice powder (poultice)--over stomach to expel gas, relieve colic, on nape of neck for infantile.
 

Cassia fistula

    C. Fis'tula, Purging Cassia, N.F. -- The dried fruit with not more than 2 p.c. of foreign organic matter; E. India, Egypt, nat. in S. America, W. Indies.  Handsome tree, 9-15 M. (30-50 degrees) high; bark gray; leaves paripinnate, leaflets 3-7 paira, 5-15 Cm. (2-6') long, ovate; flowers yellow.  Fruit cylindrical, 25-50 Cm. (10-20') long, 20 Mm. ( 4/5') thick, chestnut-brown, on one side a longitudinal groove (ventral), on the other a slight ridge (dorsal), indicating the 2 sutures, indehiscent, 25-100 transverse compartments, each with a brown seed, 8 Mm. (1/3') long, embedded in blackish-brown pulp (30 p.c.) having prune-like odor, mawkish sweet taste; contains (pulp) sugar 60 p.c., mucilage, pectin, albuminoids, tannin, volatile oil, butyric acid, calcium oxalate.  Laxative; costiveness, to promote bile flow; usually combined with other drugs (manna, tamarind, salines, etc.).  Dose, 3j-2 (4-8 Gm.); 1.  Confectio Sennae, 16 p.c.

[ILLUSTRATION]  Cassia Fistula: Part of pod, natural size.
 

Cassia marylandica

    C. Marylan'dica. -- Leaflets, U.S.P. 1820-1870; United States, New England to S. Carolina, west to the Mississippi.  Plant 1-1.5 M. (3-5 degrees) high; leaves alternate, leaflets paripinnate, 8 pairs 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2') long, 12 Mm. 1/2') wide; flowers August, yellow; fruit pod, 7.5 Cm. (3') long; in sandy soil, river banks, introduced into England in 1723, cultivated for ornament, collected Aug.-Sept.; contains cathartic acid, volatile oil, and is given in one-third larger doses than the official varieties; in infusion.
 

Cassia obovata

    Cassia obova'ta. -- Leaflets, U.S.P. 1830-1860.  This was the first senna known, being introduced by the Moors into Europe as early as the 9th century, where even in the 16th it became very largely cultivated.  Grows wild on sandy soil in Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, Tripoli, Senegal, Arabia, India; cultivated in Jamaica, being called Port Royal or Jamaica Senna; leaves 5-7 pairs, leaflets obovate, obtuse.  C. Pubes'cens (C. holoseric'ea), Aden Senna, Abyssinia, rarely met with now; leaflets 2.5 Cm. (1') long, ovate mucronate, hairy, sometimes mixed with Mecca senna.  C. brev'ipes, C. America; leaflets resemble Indian senna, but have 3 longitudinal veins; infusion non-purgative.

[ILLUSTRATION] Cassia obovata: a, legume; b, leaflet, about natural size.
 
 

    Cassia senna, (Linne'), angustifolia(Vahl).  The dried leaflets, with not more than 10 p.c. of stems, nor 2 p.c. of pods or other foreign organic matter, yielding not more than 3 p.c. of acid-insoluble ash.
    Habitat.  E. And C. Africa, India.
    Syn.  Senn.; Br. Sennae Folia, Senna Leaves: 1.  Senna Alexandrina, Alexandrian  (Nubian, Tripoli) Senna; Fr.     Sene -- d'Alexandrie; Ger. Alexandrinische Senna.  2.  Senna  Indica, East Indian (Arabian, Bombay, Mecca, Mocha, Tinnevelly) Senna; Fr. Sene de  l'Inde--de Tinnevelly, Feuilles de Sene'; Ger. Folia Sennae, Sennesblatter, Indische  Senna.
    Cas'si-a.  L. fr. Gr. ..., fr. Heb. ..., to cut off, to peel off -- i.e., bark of  some species cut off and used; classical name of a bark allied to cinnamon.
    Sen'na.  L. fr. Ar. sana, sena.  Hind, sena -- i.e., native Arabian plant name; this is the  subgenus of Cassia, but should have held full generic rank.
    An-gus-ti-fo'li-a.  L. Angustus, narrow, + folium, leaf -- i.e., leaves narrow.
    PLANTS. -- Cassia Senna, small shrub, .6-1 M. (2-3 degrees) high; stem erect, woody, branching, whitish; flowers large, yellow, axillary raceme; fruit few, legume, 5 Cm. (2') long, 18 Mm. (3/4') broad, thin, broadly elliptical, reniform, dark green, membranous, smooth, indehiscent, 6-7-celled, each with a cordate, ash-colored seed; leaves alternate, 4-5 pairs; paripinnate, footstalks glandless, 2 small-pointed stipules at base; Cassia angustifolia, small shrub similar to preceding, except fruit a trifle longer and narrower, 8-seeded; leaves sessile, 5-8 pairs.  LEAFLETS (C. Senna): Alexandria, 2-3.5 Cm. (4/5-1/2/5') long, 6-10 Mm. (1/4-2/5') broad, inequilaterallly lanceolate, lance-ovate, short, stout petiolules, acutely cuspidate, entire subcoriaceous, brittle, pale grayish-green; hairs short, appressed, few on upper surface mor numerous on lower, spreading on the midrib; usually unbroken, occasionally  in fragments; odor characteristic; taste mucilaginous, bitter; (C. angustifolia): Tinnevelly, 2-5 Cm. (4/5-2') long, 6-15 Mm. (1/4-3/5') broad, yellowish-green, smooth above, paler beneath, slightly hairy, more abruptly pointed than, but odor and taste resembling closely the preceding.  POWDER, light green -- fragments of veins with lignified tracheae and crystal-fibers, isolated hairs, masses of palisade and mesophyll parenchyma, stomata, calcium oxalate rosettes, prisms; hairs more numerous in C. Senna.  Tests: 1.  Boil for 2 minutes .5 Gm. with alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide (1 in 10) 10 cc., add water 10 cc., acidify filtrate with hydrochloric acid, shake with ether, then shake the ethereal layer with ammonia T.S. 5 cc. -- latter pinkish-bluish-red color.  Solvents: water or diluted alcohol extracts the active constituents (emodin, chrysophanic acid); water-soluble constituents 28 p.c.; a decoction made by long boiling is inert, being rendered more so by the addition of an alkali or acid; leaves by percolation with alcohol are deprived of their griping (resinous) content, odor, taste, and color, but still retain, slightly lessened, their pleasant cathartic power.  Dose, 3ss-3 (2-12 Gm.).

[ILLUSTRATION]   Cassia Senna: half natural size; A. Leaflets; B, legumes.

    ADULTERATIONS. -- Alexandria: 1.  C. Obovata, leaflets, called by Arabs Senna Ealadi (Wild Senna), and considered in Egypt less valuable than Senna Jebeli (Mountain Senna, C. Senna).  2.  Solenos-tem-ma Ar'gel, leaves which have lateral veins indistinct, leathery, wrinkled, bitter; flower buds present; fruit pear-shaped.  3.  Crac'ca Tephro'sia Apollin'ea, leaflets, S. Europe, uneven base, obovate, emarginate (poisonous).  4.  Coria'ria myrtifo'lia, leaves (poisonous), and Colu'tea arbores'cens, leaflets formerly used.  5.  Leaves of Ailan'thus glandulo'sa, Tree of Heaven, easily recognized, even in the powder.  6.  Pods, leaf-stalks, branches.  All these now are garbled out carefully.  The Arabians preferred the pods, as they contain 25 p.c. more cathartic principle than the leaflets, and no resin or volatile oil, hence do not gripe.  Six or eight pods infused in 3ij (60 cc.) of water will purge an adult.

[ILLUSTRATION]   Cassia Senna: a, legume; b, leaflet, about natural size.

    Commercial. -- Plants yield two annual crops of leaflets, the larger (best) in September, at the end of the rains, the smaller in April, during the dry season; the entire plants are cut down (by natives), exposed on rocks to the hot sun until dry, stripped of leaflets, which are packed in palm-leaf bags for transportation on camels to the market ports, where, after being garbled, the drug is put into large bales for exportation.  There are several varieties: 1.  Alexandrian (Nubian), chiefly from Nubia (Sennaar, Kordofan), some from Timbuctoo, being forwarded usually via Assouan, Darao, thence by the Nile to Cairo and Alexandria; its botanic source has receive various synonyms: Cassia Senna, C. Acutifolia, C. Lanceola'ta, C. Leniti'va, C. officinalis, C. aethio'pica, C. orientalis, etc.; Tripoli senna, from Tripoli (interior Africa), having no doubt the same botanic origin, is conveyed to market ports by caravans, being, as a rule, much broken, discolored, and mixed with legumes, stalks, and earthy matter, but no foreign leaves, and seldom reaches our country; it is restricted by some to C. Aethiopica (C. obovata, C. Ova'ta), and is not grown in Arabia or India. 1, Tinnevelly (Indian, Arabian, Mocha), originally indigenous to S. Arabia and interior of Africa, but entered market via India (Bombay, Calcutta); its botanic source has received several synonyms: Cassia angustifolia, C. Elonga'ta, C. Med'ica; now cultivated extensively from Arabian seeds, at Tinnevelly, S. India, where it becomes most luxuriant; and owing to freedom from legumes, stalks, etc., furnished the finest and purest leaflets; it is exported mostly from Tuticorin, and Madras; Bombab (E. India) Senna, sold frequently as Tinnevelly, has the same source, but is dried less carefully, often containing small and discolored leaflets; Arabian (Mecca) Senna, sold often as Bombay, is collected and dried even with less care, and contains many brown leaflets and legumes.

[ILLUSTRATION]  Cassia angustifolia: half natural size; A, leaflets; B, legumes.

    CONSTITUENTS. -- Anthraglucosennin, Emodin 1 p.c., Chrysophanic acid, Glucosennin, Isoemodin, Senna-rhamnetin, Sennanigrin, Kaempferol Kempferin, gum, resin, catharto-mannite (non-fermentable sugar), isomeric with quercite, sennapicrin, oxalic, malic, tartaric acids, combined with calcium, volatile oil (developing after drying), ash 10-12 p.c., of which 3 p.c. is insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
    Anthraglucosennin. -- Obtained (Tschirch)  by evaporating a weak ammoniacal percolate of senna; it is a complex brownish-black powder, partly soluble in ether, acetone, capable of being resolved into components by various solvents; the ether-soluble portion (emodin, chrysophanic acid, glucosennin) when boiled with toluene, to a partial solution, and poured into benzin gives a precipitate -- (senna-)emodin -- trioxymethylanthraquinone, melting at 223 degrees C. (434 degrees F.), while in the benzin mother-liquor remains -- (senna-) chrysophanic acid -- trioxymethylanthraquinone, obtained by evaporation; the ether-soluble portion insoluble in toluene is an emodin glucoside -- glucosennin, C22H18O8 (yellow amorphous powder).  The ether-insoluble portion (isoemodin, senna-rhamnetin) when treated with acetone and shaken with benzin yields -- (senna-)isoemodin, C₁₅H₁₀O₅ (isomeric with (senna-)emodin, but differs in being soluble in benzin); the acetone solutin retains -- senna-rhamnetin (reddish-brown powder, differing from rhamnetin in not fluorescing in sulpuric acid solution); the anthraglucosennin residue left after treatment with ether and acetone is a black, amorphous powder, which treated with alcoholic potash yields -- (senna-emodin and senna-)chrysophanic acid.  From an aqueous percolate Tschirch extracted cathartic acid and a crystalline body, C₁₄H₁₀L₅, having similar reactions as sennanigrin, but concludes that the cathartic action (peristalsis) is due solely to the emodin and chrysophanic acid, both being both being oxymethylanthraquinones.  Formerly senna was believed to contain: cathartic (cathartinic) acid, senna-picrin, sennacrol (resin causing griping), chrysophan and pheretin (yellow coloring matters), sennite (cathartomannite), mucilage, ash 10-12 p.c.

[ILLUSTRATION]  Cassia angustifolia  Cracca a, legume; b, leaflet, Argel leaf. Coriaria leaf. (Tephrosia) leaflet.
about natural size.

    PREPARATIONS. -- 1.  Fluidextractum Sennae.  Fluidextract of Senna.  (Syn., Fldext. Senn., Fluid Extract of Senna; Liquor Sennae Concentratus; Fr. Extrait fluide de Sene'; Ger. Sennafluidextrakt.)
    Manufacture: Similar to Fluidextractum Sarsaparillae, page 126; menstruum: 33 p.c. alcohol, reserving first 80 cc.  Dose, 3ss-2 (2-8 cc.).
    Preps.: 1.  Syrupus Sennae.  Syrup of Senna.  (Syn., Syr. Senn.; Fr. Sirop de Sene'; Ger. Sirupus Sennae, Sennasirup.)
    Manufacture: 25 p.c.  Mix oil of coriander .5 cc. With fldext.of senna 25, gradually add water 33, let stand 24 hours in cool place, shaking occasionally, filter, pass through filter water q.s. 58 cc. in which dissolve sucrose 63.5 Gm., add water q.s. 100 cc. Dose, 3ss-4 (2-15 cc.).
    2.  Syrupus Sennae Aromaticus, N.F., 12.5 p.c., + jalap 5, rhubarb 1.75, +. Dose, 3j-3 (4-    12 cc.).  3.  Syrupus Ficus Compositus, N.F., 20 p.c.
    2. Pulvis Glycyrrhizoe Compositus, 18 p.c.  3.  Confectio Sennae, N.F., 10 p.c., + cassia fistula 16, tamarind 10, prune 7, fig 12, water 65, digest, strain, add sucrose 55.5, evaporate to 89.5, add senna 10, oil of coriander .5.  Dose, 3j-2 (4-8 Gm.).  4.  Infusum Sennae Compositum, Black Draught, N.F., senna 6 Gm., manna 12, magnesium sulphate 12, fennel 2, boiling water q.s. 100 cc.; must be recently prepared.  Dose, 3j-3 (30-90 cc.). 5. Species Laxativae, St. Germain Tea, N.F., 40 p.c., + sambucus 25, fennel 12.5, anise 12.5, potassium bitartrate 10.  Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.).
    Unoff. Preps.: Extract, gr. 5-20 (.3-1.3 Gm.).  Infusion (Br.), 10 p.c. + ginger .5. Compd. Syrup 13.5 p.c.,+. Tinctura Sennae Composita (Br.), 20 p.c.
    PROPERTIES. -- Cathartic, acts on nearly the entire intestinal tract (especially colon), increasing peristalsis and intestinal secretion, except biliary; produces in 4 to 6 hours copious yellow stools, with griping and flatulence; does not cause hypercatharsis nor constipation.  Large dose vomits, purges, with severe tenesmus, but never poisons; the odor acts as a cathartic on very susceptible persons.
    USES. -- Arabians used it in skin affections; now employed for habitual constipation, hemorrhoids, fissura ani, fevers.  Its smell, taste, tendency to nauseate, injurious effects in hemorrhoids, intestinal hemorrhage, and inflammation, all lessen its popularity; its purgative action is increased by bitters, calumba, etc., while the griping and nausea are diminished by coriander, tamarind, manna, fennel, Epsom or Rochelle salt.  If leaves be macerated long in water, or if the mass be pressed tightly, much acrid, resinous principle will be obtained, causing griping, hence should exhaust by rapid percolation.
 

Castanea

    Casta'nea denta'ta, Castanea, Chestnut Leaves, N. F. -- The dried leaves with not more than 5 p.c. of stems or other foreign organic matter; N. America, W. Asia, S. Europe.  Stately tree, 24-30 M. (80-100 degrees) high; wood light, durable; flowers in 3's, monoecious -- staminate and pistillate, involucre 4-lobed, becoming prickly; fruit, 4-valved involucre enclosing 1-3 l-seeded nuts.  Leaves entire, slightly broken, folded or matted together, 15-25 Cm. (6-10') long, 5 Cm. (2') wide, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, coriaceous, dark green above, lighter beneath, pinnately veined, petiole stout; odor slight; taste astringent; Powder, greenish -- non-glandular hairs numerous calcium oxalate crystals in rosettes, prisms, parenchyma cells with brown tannin masses which + ammonio-ferric alum T.S. -- blue; contains tannin 9 p.c., resin, fat, gum, albumin, ash 6 p.c.; fruit contains starch 35 p.c., fat 2 p.c., proteins 3-4 p.c., sugar 1-2 p.c.; solvents: boiling water, alcohol partially.  Tonic mild sedative, astringent; whooping cough, controlling paroxysms, dysentery; wood resists exposure greatly, nuts a delicacy, thoroughly edible.  Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.); 1.  Fluidextractum Castaneae (100 Gm., + boiling water to exhaust, evap. to 200 cc., add alcohol 60 cc., lastly glycerin 10, dose, mxv-60 (1-4 cc.).  Infusion.
 

Castanea pumila

    C. (Fagus) pu'mila, Castanea (Chinquapin). -- The bark, U.S.P. 1820-1850; Delaware-Mississippi.  Shrub or small tree, 6-15 M. (20-50 degrees) high, 25-27.5 Cm (10-15') thick, largest being South; leaves differ from chestnut in having underside white, downy; bark grayish, brownish inside; fruit rounded, conical, 12 Mm. (1/2') long, 9 Mm. (3/8') broad at base, same constituents and taste as chestnuts; bark contains tannin, resin, extractive.  Tonic, astringent; intermittents.

[ILLUSTRATION]  Castanea dentata.  Castanea: leaf, one-half Natural size.
 

Caulophyllum

    Caulophyl'lum thalictroi'des, Caulophyllum, Blue Cohosh, Papoose (Squaw) Root, N.F. -- The dried rhizome and roots with not more than 3 p.c. of foreign organic matter, yielding not more than 4 p.c. of acid-insoluble ash; N. America (Canada, United States).  Smooth, glaucous perennial, .6 M. (2 degrees) high, with large triternately compound leaf at summit, leaflets 3-5-lobed; flowers greenish-yellow.  Rhizome horizontal, 7-25 Cm. (3-10') long, 5-15 Mm. (1/5-3/5') thick, large cup-shaped stem-scars above, curved tortuous, thin, tough, tangled or matted roots below often concealing rhizome, yellowish-gray;      fracture tough, woody; odorless, sternutatory; taste bittersweet, acrid.  Powder, light brown -- numerous starch grains, fragments of cork, tracheae, wood-fibers, tracheids, parenchyma; contains caulophylline, caulophyllin (resins) 12 p.c., leontin (saponin-like glucoside -- active principle). Antispassmodic, diuretic, emmenagogue, demulcent, sternutatory, sedative, oxytocic; hysteria, amenorrhea, spasmodic dysmenorrhea, uterine subinvolution (causing muscular contraction), arrests or produces abortion; the aborigines believed the infusion their best parturient, drinking for several weeks prior to labor.  Dose, gr. 10-30 (.6-2 Gm.); 1.  Fluidextractum Caulophylli (75 p.c.alcohol): Preps.: 1.  Elixir Aletridis Compositum (fldext. 6.55 p.c.); 2.  Elixir Heloniadis Composibum (fldext. 3.2 p.c.).  Extract, gr. 2-5 (.13-.3 Gm.), Tincture, 25 p.c., 3j-2 (4-8 cc.); decoction, infusion, each 5 p.c., 3j-2 (30-60 cc.).
 

Cetraria

    Cetra'ria islan'dica, Iceland Moss. -- The dried plant, U.S.P. 1820-1890; N. hemisphere.  Thallus 5-10 Cm. (2-4') long, foliaceous, fringed, and channeled lobes, brownish above, whitish beneath, apothecia (fruits) brown, flattish, brittle, inodorous; taste mucilaginous, bitter; contains cetraric acid (bitter) 2-3 p.c., which removed leaves digestible food product containing proteins 2.8 p.c., fat .4 p.c., cellulose 4-6 p.c., lichenin (starch) 79.2 p.c., related substance, water 6 p.c., ash 6.99 p.c.  Demulcent (starch), tonic (cetraric acid), nutritive; chronic catarrhs, pulmonary affections (bronchitis, consumption), chronic diarrhea, dysentery; bread, instead of acacia.  Dose, 3ss-1 (2-4 Gm.); decoction, .5 p.c., 3j-4 (30-120 cc.).

[ILLUSTRATION] Cetraria islandica: ap, apothecium.
 

Ceylon Moss

    Ceylon Moss. -- Indian Ocean.  Mostly Sphaerococ'cus Lichenoi'des, 10 Cm. (4') long, 1.5 Mm. (1/16') thick, cylindrical, forked, filiform above; reddish--when dry whitish, brittle.
 

Chamaelirium

    Chamaeli'rium lu'teum, Helonias, False Uniforn, N.F. -- The dried rhizome and roots with not more than 5 p.c. of foreign organic matter; N. America.  Fragrant perennial herb; stem .3-.7 M. (12-18') high, from basal rosette of lanceolate leaves terminating in plume-like raceme -- pistillate greenish, staminate creamy-white; fruit capsule.  Rhizome .5-3 Cm. (1/5-1 1/5') long, 1 Cm. 2/5' thick, roundish, grayish-brown, annulate from scars of bud-scales, leaf bases above, many yellowish wiry roots beneath, 5-8 Cm. (2-3') long; fracture hard, horny, internally grayish-yellow, cortex 3-4 Mm. (1/8-1/6') thick, odor slight; taste bitter, astringent.  Powder, yellowish--parenchyma cells with unaltered starch grains, bundles of calcium oxalate raphides, lignified cork and fibers, tracheae; solvent: diluted alcohol; contains chamelirin (bitter saponin-like glucoside) 10 p.c.  Taenifuge, diuretic uterine tonic, emetic; tape-worm, atony of gastro-intestinal and genito-urinary mucous membranes, dropsy.  Dose, 3ss-1 (2-4 Gm.); 1.  Fluidextractum Heloniadis (diluted alcohol).  Preps.: 1. Elixir Heloniadis Compositum, 3.2 p.c. (fldext.), + fldext. of caulophyllum 3.2, fldext. of viburnum opulus 3.2, fldext. of mitchella 12.5, dose, 3ss-1 (2-4 cc.); 2. Elixir Aletridis Compositum, 6.5 p.c.  Helonin ("Eclectic" extract), dose, gr. 1-5 (.06-.3 Gm.).
 

Chelidonium

    Chelido'nium ma'jus, Chelidonium, Celandine. -- The entire plant, collected when beginning to flower, U.S.P. 1880-1890; Europe, N. America.  Perennial light green plant, .6 M. (2 degrees) high, emitting when wounded a saffron-yellow, opaque juice; leaves pinnate, 10-20 Cm. (4-8') long; flowers yellowish; root reddish-brown, several-headed, branching; fruit capsule, linear, 2-valved; seed numerous; odor unpleasant when fresh; taste acrid; contains chelerythrine, chelidonine, a- and s-homochelidonine, chelidoxanthin, sanguinarine, protopine, chelidonic (jervic) acid, chelidoninic (ethylenesuccinic) acid, gum, chlorophyll; solvents: water, alcohol.  Cathartic, diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant; used by ancients as now for jaundice, dropsy, intermittent fever, scrofula, skin diseases; externally -- warts, corns, eczema, urticaria, itching eruptions; fresh herb in amenorrhea, as a vulnerary.  Dose, dried plant, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.); fresh plant, 3j-2 (4-8 Gm.).
 

[ILLUSTRATION] Chelidonium Majus: showing fruit, flowers, ovary, and seed.
 
 

[ILLUSTRATION] Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum.       Chenopodium ambrosioides.

    PROPERTIES. -- Anthelmintic, vermifuge, round worms (Ascaris lumbricoides).
    USES. -- While mainly for worms, it has also been used in itermittents, hysteria, chorea, nervous affections, tenia.  May give the powder incorporated with molasses or syrup, but the oil is more popular, being well taken on sugar by children.  Should be given twice daily for several days on empty stomach, if possible, and follow with a dose of castor oil.  Fruit, U.S.P. 1820-1890.
    Allied Plants:
    1. Chenopodium ambrosioi'des, Herba Botryos Mexicanae, Mexican Tea.  The fruit, U.S.P. 1890 Europe, Asia.  This resembles very closely the preceding plant, the latter being, however, more strongly aromatic, leaves more deeply toothed, the lower ones often nearly pinnatifid, spikes more elongated, usually leafless; fruit of both alike .C. Bo'trys, Jerusalem Oak (Feather Geranium); Europe, Asia.  Strongly aromatic; catarrh, asthma.  C. Bo'nus Henri'cus, Good King Henry; Taste saline, mucilaginous.  C. Al'bum, Pig Weed (Lamb's Quarters); taste mucilaginous, saline.  C. Vulva'ria, Fetid Goosefoot; Europe; plant has fish-brint odor, due to trimethylamine.
 

Chimaphila

    Chimaph'ila umbella'ta, Chimaphila, Pipsissewa, Princes' Pine. -- The dried leaves with not more than 5 p.c. of stems or other foreign organic matter; N. America, Europe, Asia -- dry woods.  Perennial evergreen herb, 10-25 Cm. (4-10') high; rhizome creeping, yellowish; flowers terminal umbel, eorymb, white tinged with red, fragrant.  Leaves, oblanceolate, 2.5-7 Cm. (1-3') long, 8-20 Mm. (1/3-4/5') broad, upper portion coarsely, sharply serrate, obtuse, lower cuneiform, nearly entire, coriaceous, dark green, paler beneath; odor slight; taste astringent, bitter.  Powder, greenish-brown--epidermal tissue, stomata, palisade and spongy parenchyma with chloroplastids, tracheae, reddish amorphous substance, calcium oxalate rosettes, starch grains, few stem and root-stock fragments; solvents: diluted alcohol, boiling water; contains chimaphilin, tannin, arbutin, ericolin, urson, volatile oil, resin.  Astringent, tonic, diuretic (similar to buchu, uva ursi,  pareira, scoparius), rubefacient; scrofula, rheumatism, dropsy, scanty urine, gravel, hematuria, gonorrhea, skin affections, diarrhea, gout, ulcers, tumors.  Dose, gr. 15-60 (1-4 Gm.); 1.  Fluidextractum Chimaphilae (diluted alcohol), dose 3ss-1 (2-4 cc.); 2.  Fluidextractum Stillingiae Compositum, 12.5 p.c.: Prep.: 1.  Syrupus Stillingiae Compositus, 25 p.c.  Decoction, Extract.
    C.  Macula'ta, Spotted Wintergreen (Pipsissewa). -- The leaves, U.S.P. 1830; N. America.  Herb, 7.5-15 Cm. (3-6') high, leaves 2.5-5 Cm. (1-2') long, 12 Mm. 1/2') wide, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at base, toothed, upper surface variegated (spotted) with white along midrib and veins; flowers purplish-white.

[ILLUSTRATION] Chimaphila umbellata: upper part of flowering stem.
 

Chionanthus

    Chionan'thus virgin'ica, Chionanthus, Fringe Tree Bark, N.F. -- The dried root-bark with not more than 5 p.c. of wood and other foreign organic matter, yielding to 70 p.c. alcohol not less than 25 p.c. of non-volatile extractive; S. United States, river banks.  Low tree or shrub, very ornamental in cultivation; leaves 5-6, oblong; fruit, purple ovoid drupe, 1-2 Cm. (2/5-4/5') long, Bark, usually in transversely curved pieces, occasionally single quills, 1-10 Cm. (2/5-4') long, 2-10 Mm. (1/12-2/5') thick, heavy, some pieces sink in water, reddish-brown, transverse wrinkles, scaly, pits and ridges, whitish cork patches, root-scars, inner surface yellowish-brown, striate, undulate; fracture short, hard, coarsely granular (stone cells); odor characteristic; taste bitter.  Powder, light brown--starch grains, numerous stone cells in groups or isolated, few short fibers, numerous resin masses, brownish cork cells, parenchyma tissue, prismatic crystals; solvent: water; contains bitter principle, tannin, ash 5 p.c.  Alterative, blood purifier; liver trouble, syphilis; popular with Eclectics, Homeopaths.  Dose, gr. 15-30 (1-2 Gm.); 1.  Fluidextractum Chionanthi (75 p.c. alcohol).  Decoction, Infusion, 5 p.c., 3ss-1 (15-30 cc.).

[ILLUSTRATION]  Pareira (brava): portion of a root and transverse section of the same.
 

Chondrodendron

    Chondroden'dron tomento'sum, Parei'ra, Parei'ra Bra'va, N.F. -- The dried root with not more than 5 p.c. of stems nor 2 p.c. of other foreign organic matter; Brazil, near Rio Janeiro, Peru.  Tall woody climber; stem 1-10 Cm. (2/5-4') thick, bark rough, with elevated prominences; leaves 12.5-30 Cm. (5-12') long, ovate, cordate, petiolate, smooth above, finely woolly beneath; flowers dioecious, panicles; fruit purplish-black drupe, 6 in a bunch like grapes.  Root subcylindrical, tortuous, in pieces 10-15 Cm. (4-6') long, 1-6 Cm. (2/5-2') thick, brownish, furrowed, hard, heavy, tough; internally brownish-gray, waxy luster (fresh), several successive concentric zones of fibro-vascular bundles, each 2-4 Mm. (1/12-1/6') wide, separated by zones of parenchyma and stone cells, prominent medullary rays; stems grayish, usually covered with lichens, without waxy luster; odor slight; taste bitter.  Powder, dark brown--numerous starch grains, tracheae, wood-fibers, stone cells, brownish cork; bluish-black with iodine T.S.; solvents:  70 p.c. alcohol, boiling water; contains pelosine (cissampeline--identical with bebeerine, buxine, paricine), tannin, starch, gum, ash 6-11 p.c.  Diuretic, tonic, laxative; cystitis, calculi, gonorrhea, leucorrhea, dropsy, rheumatism, jaundice; natively for bites of poisonous serpents (leaves to wound, vinous infusion internally).  Dose, 3ss-1 (2-4 Gm.); 1.  Fluidextractum Pareirae (diluted alcohol), dose, 3ss-1 (2-4 cc.).  Extract, gr. 10-20 (.6-1.3 Gm.).  Infusion, Decoction, each, 5 p.c., 3j-2 (30-60 cc.).

[ILLUSTRATION] Chondrus crispus: a, narrow form, with fruit; b, broad form; c, small form.
 

Chondrus

    Chon'drus cris'pus or Gigarti'na mamillo'sa, Irish Moss, Carrageen, N.F. -- Gigartinaceae.  The dried, bleached plants, with not more than 2 p.c. of foreign organic matter; Atlantic Ocean, New England, Irish coast.  Entire plants small, matted together, slender dichotomously branching stalk; segments flattened, emarginate, cleft at tips, 5-15 Cm. (2-6') long, 1-10 Mm. (1/25-2/5') broad, yellowish-white, transparent, somewhat cartilaginous, frequently coated with calcareous deposit which effervesces with hydrochloric acid; sporangia embedded (C. Crospus) or on short stalks (G. Mamillosa); odor slight, seaweed-like; taste mucilaginous, saline, solvent: water; contains mucilage (carrageenin--not precipitated by alcohol--gum, or by lead acetate--pectin, or blue with iodine--starch, only slightly adhesive) 55-90 p.c., minerals 14 p.c., albuminoids 9 p.c., water 18 p.c., ash 8-15 p.c.  Demulcent, nutrient, dietetic; bronchitis, diarrhea, kidney and bladder affections--diet instead of tapioca, sago, barley.  Plants green (fresh) or purplish (dry) are taken from the beach after storms, or are torn by boatmen with rakes from rocks, 3-6 M. (10-20 degrees) under water, then washed in sea water and spread high on shore for drying and bleaching--a process frequently repeated several times.  Dose, 3j-2 (4-8 Gm.); 1.  Mucilago Chondri, 3 p.c. -- emulsifier;  Decoction, 5 p.c. (Water or milk, sweetened and flavored), 3j-2 (30-60 cc.).  G. Acicula'ris and G. Pistilla'ta have similar appearance and properties.
 

Chrysanthemum

    Chrysan'themum (Pyrethrum) ro'seum and C. Car'neum, Persian Pellitory -- Persian (Caucasian) Insect Powder; W. Asia, Persia.  Perennial plants, resembling chamomile; flower-heads 4 Cm. (1 3/5') broad; ray-florets rose-color with anthers included (roseum), or purple with anthers projecting (carneum); powder grayish-yellow, brownish (best), bright yellow (weakest), tea odor, bitter -- used only for killing insects, the toxicity being due to pyrethron (pyrethrotoxic acid -- cardiac depressant like veratrine), a neutral, amber-yellow syrupy ester (pyretol) soluble in alcohol, ether, splitting into pyrethrol, C21H34O), and several acids, pyrethresin.
    C. Cinerariaefo'lium, Dalmatian Insect Powder; Dalmatia.  These flowers are most valuable when collected immediately after expansion, and yield a more or less inferior insect powder -- greenish-yellow.  Plant cultivated in Algeria, Japan, Montenegro, and largely in California, where flowers are dried carefully (to preserve color and volatile oil) -- furnishing a superior powder, called "buhach."  Should not contain more than 5 p.c. flower-stems or 2 p.c. acid-insoluble ash.  Tests: 1.  Put 4 gr. (.25 Gm.) of the powder upon a fly in a vial -- it should be stupefied in 1 minute and dead in 2 or 3 minutes.  2.  With microscope can recognize scarcity of pollen and abundance of collenchymatous tissue when much stem and few flowers are used.  Powder often adulterated with turmeric (chloroform test), chrome alum (ash not more than 6 p.c.), and other compositous plant flowers, as Chrysanthemum Leucan'themum (Leucanthemum vulga're), white-weed, oxeye or field daisy, and C. Seg'etum.  Neither of these is an insecticide but will produce dermatitis in some persons.
 

Cichorium

    Cicho'riium In'tybus, Chicory. -- Europe, naturalized in United States.  Root with laticiferous vessels radiate, also is white, more woody, and has thinner bark than taraxacum.  July collection contains 36 p.c. of inulin, bitter principle, etc., and has properties similar  to taraxacum root, with which it often is mixed as an adulterant.  Roasted root is frequently to adulterate coffee. C. Endiv'ia, Endive; Levant; cultivated for its bitter leaves.

[ILLUSTRATION] Cichorium Intybus.   Cichorium: transverse section.
 
 

    Cimicifuga racemosa, (Linne') Nutfall.  The dried rhizome and roots with not more than 2 p.c. stems or other foreign organic matter, yielding not more than 4 p.c. acid-insoluble ash.
    Habitat.  United States, Canada; in shady, rocky places.
    Syn. Cimicif., Black Cohosh, Black Snakeroot, Macrotys, Bugbane, Bugwort,  Rattleroot,  Rattleweed, Richweed, Squawroot, Rattlesnake's Root; Cimicifuga  Rhizoma, Actaeae  Racemosae Radix; Fr. Racine d'Actee a Grappes; Ger. Schwarze  Schlangenwursel.
    Cim-i-cif'u-ga.  L. Cimex, bug, + fugare, to drive away -- i.e., from the fact of  Cimicifuga faetida being used for that purpose in Siberia and Kamtchatka.
    Ra-ce-mo'sa.  L. Racemosus -- i.e., full of clusters, racemes -- i.e., the flowers.
    PLANT. -- Perennial; stem slender, unbranched, 1.5-2.5 M. (5-8 degrees) high; leaves irregularly ternately decompound, the rather small leaflets incised, 2.5-7.5 Cm. (12-3') long; flowers June-July, regular, numerous, small, white, in wand-like racemes, 20-50 Cm. (8-20') long, emit disagreeable odor.  RHIZOME, horizontal in growth, branched, 2-15 Cm. (4/5-6') long, 1-2.5 Cm. (2/5-1') thick, dark brown, grayish-black, slightly annulate from circular scars of bud scale-leaves; upper surface with numerous hard, erect, curved branches terminated by deep cup-shaped scars showing radiate structure; lower and lateral surfaces with numerous root-scars and few short roots; fracture horny; internally whitish and mealy or dark brown and waxy; bark thin, wood distinctly radiate and of same thickness as pith; odor slight; taste bitter, acrid; roots cylindrical, obtusely quadrangular, 1-3 Mm. (1/25-1/8') thick, 3-12 Cm. (1 1/5-4 4/5') long, brownish, blackish, longitudinally wrinkled, fracture short; internally cortex thin, brownish, wood yellowish 4-6-rayed.  POWDER,  light brown--numerous starch grains, .003-.015 Mm. (1/8825-1/1650') broad, fragments showing tracheae with bordered pores and lignified wood-fibers, fragments of suberized epidermis made up of tabular cells.  Solvents: alcohol, boiling water.  Dose, gr. 5-30 (.3-2 Gm.).

[ILLUSTRATION]  Cimicifuga racemosa

    ADULTERATIONS. -- Rare: Caulophyllum, podophyllum, each sometimes 1 p.c., comfrey, possessing similar blackish color, smaller amount.
    Commercial. -- Plant, also named actae'a  racemosa, emits when in bloom an odor resembling meadow-sweet, by many considered unpleasant.  Rhizome should be collected in autumn (most active), and used shortly thereafter, as it deteriorates with age; recognized readily by the microscope from black and green hellebore whose rhizomes have few and broad wood-bundles and roots with pentagonal or hexagonal wood-zone; rhizome of Actaea spica'ta, Europe, very similar, but its juicy berries are in marked contrast with the official plant's dry follicles.
    CONSTITUENTS. -- Cimicifugin, resins 3.5 p.c., amorphous resinous body (probably the active principle), racemosin, fat, starch, gum, tannin, volatile oil, sugar; ash 8-10 p.c.; latest investigators claim activity to depend upon: isoferulic acid, salicylic acid, palmitic acid, phytosterol, 3 crystalline bodies (alcohols?), alkaloids (trace).

[ILLUSTRATION] Cimifuga racemosa:  transverse section through a branch of the rhisome and through rootlets; natural size.

    Cimicifugin. -- Bitter, acrid crystalline principle, obtained by acting on the "Eclectic" resinoid, cimicifugin or upon the fresh rhizome with alcohol, precipitating (resin, tannin, coloring matter) with lead subacetate, removing lead with hydrogen sulphide, and evaporating; it is soluble in alcohol, chloroform, slightly in ether.
    Resins. -- There are two of these, one soluble in alcohol but not in ether, the other soluble in ether as well as alcohol.  These two are obtained as a mixture by exhausting powdered drug with alcohol, precipitating with water, drying precipitate, and as such constitutes the "Eclectic" cimicifugin (macrotin), a yellowish-brown hygroscopic powder.  Dose, gr. 1/2-2 (.03-.13 Gm.).
    PREPARATIONS. -- 1.  Fluidextractum Cimicifugae.  Fluidextract of Cimicifuga.  (Syn., Fldext. Cimicif., Fluid Extract of Cimicifuga, Fluidextract of Black Cohosh, Fluidextract of Black Snakeroot; Extractum Cimicifugae Liquidum; Fr. Extrait fluide d'Actee a Grappes; Ger. Cimicifugafluidextkt.).
    Manufacture: Similar to Fluidextractum Sarsaparillae, page 126; menstruum: alcohol.  Dose, mv-30 (.3-2 cc.).
    Prep.: 1.  Elixir Sodii Salicylatis Compositum, N.F., 3.2 p.c.
    2.  Tinctura Cimicifugae, N.F., 20 p.c. (alcohol).  Dose, 3ss-2 (2-4 cc.).
    3.  Elixir Tongae et Salicylatum, N.F. 3.5 p.c.
    Unoff. Preps.: Decoction, 5 p.c., 3ss-1 (15-30 cc.).  Compound Syrup, 4 p.c.
    PROPERTIES. -- Alterative (diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant), antispasmodic, sedative (arterial and nervous), cardiac stimulant--safer than digitalis, emmenagogue.  Acts on the gastric secretion like any other bitter, slightly depresses the rate, but increases the force of the pulsse, like digitalis; contracts the uterus, increasing the menstrual flow and arterial tension.
    USES. -- It was introduced first into medicine in 1831 by Dr. Young.  Given as cardiac tonic in fatty heart, chorea, acute and chronic bronchitis, rheumatism, neuralgia, hysteria, phthisis, dyspepsia, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, seminal emissions.  Large doses cause vertigo, tremors, reduced pulse, vomiting, prostration.  Once, but not now, thought efficacious in snake bite, labor-pains, and ills of late pregnancy.
    Incompatibles: Iron preparations, stimulants, alcohol, ammonia.
    Synergists: Gold, digitalis, ergot, belladonna, etc.
 
 

    Cinnamomum Loureirii, Nees.  The dried bark, yielding not less than 2 p.c. of volatile ether-soluble extractive.
    Habitat.  Annam (Cochin China).
    Syn.Cinnam., Cinnamomum Saigonicum, Annam -- China -- God's Cinnamon, Annam  Cassia, Cortex Cinnamomi Saigonici; Fr. Cannelle de Saigon; Ger. Saigonsint.
    Cin-na-mo'mum. L. fr. Ar. Kinnamon, cinnamon, probably connected with aaneh, a  reed, cane -- i.e., resemblance of stems; or Malay koju manis, sweet wood, from its  aromatic odor and taste.
    Lou-rei'ri-i.  L. Loureiri-um in honor of Jean de Loureiro, 1710-1791 -- i.e., a celebrated  Portuguese botanist and writer, author of Flora Cochinchinensis, and other important works.
    Sa-i-gon'i-cum.  L. Belonging to Saigon, a country and city in Southern Annam -- i.e., its  native habitat.
    PLANT. -- Handsome evergreen tree, 6-9 M, (20-30 degrees) high, trunk .3-.5 M. (12-18') thick, young twigs slightly quadrangular; leaves coriaceous, 3-5-nerved, but only midrib reaches apex, bright glossy-green above, glaucous beneath, 10-20 Cm. (4-8') long; flowers Jan.-March, small, hermaphrodite or polygamous, fleshy, black, ovoid, size of small olive, adhering, like acorn, to cup-shaped perianth.  BARK, in quills, 30 Cm. (12') long, 4 Cm. (4/5') broad; bark .5-3 Mm (1/50-1/8') thick, light brown, dark purplish-brown with grayish patches of crustose lichens and numerous bud-scars, finely wrinkled, especially that of younger twigs, otherwise rough from corky patches surrounding the lenticels; inner surface reddish-brown, dark brown, granular, slightly striate; fracture short--inner bark porous from large oil and mucilage cells, and separated from the outer by a layer of stone cells; odor characteristic, aromatic; taste sweetish, aromatic, pungent; POWDER,  yellowish-brown--numerous starch grains; single and 2-4- compound, single grains .005-.025 Mm. (1/5000-1/1000') stone cells irregular, bast-fibers with slightly lignified walls; oil and mucilage cells.  Solvents: alcohol; hot water partially. Dose, gr. 5-30 (.3-2 Gm.).

[ILLUSTRATION] Cinnamomum twig, showing leaf venation.

    ADULTERATIONS. -- BARK: Saigon -- Cassia bark, and a closely resembling bark of unknown derivation, having lighter gray color and coarser structure identified by weak odor and taste; possibly unscraped Guava bark quills, and clove bark; Ceylon -- Scarcely possible in the entire state; POWDER: Neither Saigon or Ceylon found on the market, all so labeled being cassia, which is subject to endless admixtures -- chips, siftings, buds, walnut-shells, oil stone, flower, sand, beans, grains, starch, clove-buds--exhausted drug, by percolation, distillation; ash (sometimes) 8-10 p.c.; OIL: That distilled from flowers and roots, phenol, oil of clove, petroleum, colophony, lead.

[ILLUSTRATION]  Cinnamomum: a, flower; b, vertical section of the same.

    Commercial. -- Cinnamon was a very early favorite spice, being brought by Arabian navigators to the Phoenicians, Grecians, and Romans, the Chinese cassia being used first, the Ceylon not until 1275.  While there are about 50 species growing wild, only a few yield the commercial bark--this resulting mostly from cultivated plants.  At one time Ceylon excelled in the industry, but their coffee largely has replaced it, thus restricting to the neighborhood of Colombo the principal cinnamon gardens; however, S. China has become equally interested in the cultivation and as a result produces much valuable bark.  There are two important varieties:  1, Saigon, Annam Cassia (Cinnamon, U.S.P.), thought to be entirely from wild trees (C. Lourei'rii, and other species), growing in the mountainous districts of Annam.  While chips and thick trunk-bark sometimes reach us, most is from branches and small stems, all being of good quality--sweet ,aromatic, almost void of stringency and bitterness; some consider it high-grade cassia, but its own specific structure, area of growth, and absence of objectionable qualities in the corky layer seem to preclude such a possibility; certainly it is related more closely to cassia than to Ceylon, and may be an inferior grade (from one or more species distinct from C. Cassia) of that distinctive Chinese cinnamon so highly prized by the natives; 2, Ceylon (Cinnamon), formerly in U.S.P., considered best, being nearly all from cultivated plants through the process of pollarding, so that in 2-3 years many slender stems are produced with bark devoid of astringent and corky layer, this latter not yet having had time to form.  The cultivation of cinnamon begins with the planting of seed in prepared soil, 4-5 in each hill, from which, in 5-6 years, the straight stems due to continued pruning, 1.5-3 M. (5-10 degrees) high, are cut down with catty-knives, and by coppicing a new crop of twigs is formed every 2-3 years.  The barking (March-June, after which delicacy and aroma lessen) takes place under cover by making 2 equidistant longtudinal incisions and transverse ones every few feet apart, then teasing off easily with a mama-knife (Saigon); the bark may now be allowed to wilt or undergo partial fermentation for several days, becoming soft and pliable, thus facilitating epidermal separation, when it is laid concave downward and scraped to the layer of stone cells, thereby rejecting the bitter or astringent portion (Ceylon); congeries of quills are formed, which when dried (first by shade, then by sun) are made into 30-pound (14 Kg.) bundles and marketed as to quality in firsts, seconds, thirds, the inferior grades being distilled for oil; or each quill is dried separately (Saigon) and tied into bundles for exportation.  The bark is imported loose or in bundles with split bamboo bands from Canton, Hong Kong (Saigon), Calcutta, Colombo.

[ILLUSTRATION]  Cinnamomum:  a, b, c, from China: d, e, from Ceylon.

    CONSTITUENTS. -- Volatile oil .5-2 p.c., tannin 3-5 p.c., resin, bitter principle, sugar, mannite, starch, mucilage, ash 6 p.c., of which 2 p.c. is insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid.
    Oleum Cinnamomi, Oil of Cinnamon, U.S.P. -- (Syn., Ol. Cinnam., Oleum Cassiae, U.S.P. 1910, Cassia Oil, Oleum Cinnamomi Cassiae, Oil of Chinese Cinnamon; Fr. Essence (Huile) de Cannelle de Chine; Ger. Zimtol, Zimtkassienol.)  This volatile oil distilled from the leaves, twigs, and waste bark of Cinnamomum Cassia (Chinese), and rectified by steam distillation, is a yellowish-brownish liquid, darker and thicker by age and exposure, characteristic odor and taste of cassia cinnamon, sp. gr. 1.055 soluble in alcohol (1), glacial acetic acid (1), 70 p.c. alcohol (2), optically almost inactive; contains at least 80 p.c. of cinnamic aldehyde, C₉H₈O (oxidizing into resin and cinnamic acid) upon which the value depends, also cinnamyl acetate, C₉H₉C₂H₃O₂ (liquid of unpleasant acrid taste), and phenyl-propyl acetate, orthocumaric aldehyde, cinnamic acid, C₉H₈O₂; this latter is not in fresh oil, and after being formed becomes, by further oxidation, benzoic acid.  Tests: 1. Shake oil (2) with purified petroleum benzin (5-10) -- decanted liquid is colorless and gives no green color when shaken with equal volume of (1 in 1000) copper acetate solution (abs. of rosin or rosin oils).  2.  Thoroughly wash a 1000 cc. beaker and a filter paper free of chlorides; place 3 or 4 drops of oil on a clean watch glass on triangle, ignite, immediately cover with moistened beaker; wash products of combusion through washed filter paper with 10-20 cc. distilled water, acidulate filtrate with 1 drop nitric acid, add 1 drop silver nitrate T.S. -- no turbidity (abs. of chlorinated products).  Should be kept cool, dark, in well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles.  The Ger.P. and U.S.P. recognize only the oil of Chinese cinnamon (cassia), while the Br. P. And Fr. Codex that of Ceylon cinnamon; the former is more abundant and cheaper, the latter of finer flavor and more delicate aroma, containing besides cinnamic aldehyde, some eugenol and phellandrene.  Dose, mj-5 (.06-.3 cc.).
    PREPARATIONS. -- BARK: 1.  Tinctura Cardamomi Composita, 2.5 p.c. 2.  Tinctura Gambir Composita, 2.5 p.c. 3.  Tinctura Lavandula Composita, 2 p.c.  Tinctura Rhei Aromatica, 4 p.c. 5.  Syrupus Cinnamomi, N.F., 10 p.c.  6.  Tinctura Cinnamomi, N.F., 20 p.c. (Glycerin 7.5 p.c., alcohol 67.5, water 25.  Dose, 3ss-2 (2-8 cc.):
    Preps.: 1.  Elixir Taraxaci Compositum, N.F., 3 p.c.  2.  Mistura Rhei Alkalina,N.F., 6.4 p.c.  7.  Pulvis Aromaticus, N.F., 35 p.c. + ginger 35, cardamom seed 15, myristica 15.  8.  Pulvis Aropmaticus Rubefaciens, N.F., 30 p.c., cinnamon 30, clove 30, ginger 20, capsicum 20.  9.  Pulvis Cretae Aromaticus, N.F., 8 p.c.  10.  Syrupus Sennae Aromaticus, N.F. 2/5 p.c.  11.  Tinctura Antiperiodica, N.F., 1/15 p.c.  12.  Tinctura Aromatica, N.F., 10 p.c. + ginger 4, galangal 2, clove 2, cardamom seed 2.  13. Tinctura Opii Crocata, N.F., 3/5 p.c.  14.  Tinctura Opii et Gambir Composita, N.F., 1/40 p.c.  15.  Tinctura Viburni Opuli Composita, N.F., 6.5 p.c.
    II. Oil: 1.  Aqua Cinnamomi.  Cinnamon Water.  (Syn., Aq. Cinnam.; Fr. Eau de Cannelle; Ger. (Einfaces) Zimtwasser.)
 Manufacture: 1/5 p.c.  Similar to Aquae Aromaticae; triturate oil .2 cc. with purified talc 1.5 Gm., recently boiled distilled water q.s. 100 cc., filter until clear.  Dose 3ss-1 (15-30 cc.).
    Preps: 1.  Infusum Digitalis (1.5 p.c.) -- 15 p.c.  2.  Mistura Cretae, 40 p.c. 3.  Liquor Ferri Albuinati, N.F., 20 p.c.  4.  Syrupus Ipecacuanhae et Opii, N.F., 3.2 p.c.  5.  Tinctura Rhei Aquosa, N.F., 12.5 p.c.
    2.  Spiritus Cinnamomi.  Spirit of Cinnamon.  (Syn., Sp. Cinnam.; Fr. Alcoolat de Cannelle;
Ger. Zimtspiritus.) Manufacture: 10 p.c.  Dissolve oil 10 cc. in alcohol q.s. 100 cc.  Dose, mv-30 (.3-2 cc.). Preps.: 1.  Syrupus Rhei, 2/5 p.c.  2.  Syrupus Ipecacuanhae et Opii, N.F., 2/5 p.c. 3.Taballae Phenolphthaleini, N.F. 1/50 m.  Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum 1/10 p.c.  4. Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae Aromaticum, 1/50 p.c.   5.  Acetum Aromaticum, N.F. 1/20 p.c.  6.  Dentifricium, N.F., .175 p.c.  7.  Fluidglyceratum Cascarae Sagradae Aromaticum, N.F., 1/10 p.c.  8. Lavatio Ori, N.F., ½ p.c.  9. Liquor Pepsini Aromaticus, N.F., 1/40 p.c.  10.Mistura Oleo-Balsamica, N.F., 2/5 p.c.  11. Nebula Aromatica, N.F., 1/5 p.c.  12. Nebula Mentholis Composita, N.F., 1/5 p.c.  13.  Odontalgicum, N.F., 17 p.c.  14. Oleum Ricini Aromaticum, N.F., 3/10 p.c. 15.  Spiritus Cardamomi Compositus, N.F., 1 p.c.  16.  Spiritus Vanillini Compositus, N.F., ½ p.c.  17. Syrupus Rhamni Catharticae, N.F. 1/50 p.c.
    Unoff. Preps.: BARK: Fluidextract, mc-30 (.3-2cc.).  Infusion, 3j-2 (30-60 cc.).
    PROPERTIES. -- Carminative, stomachic, stimulant, astringent, hemostatic, aromatic, antispasmodic, germicide.  The oil has no astringency.
    USES. -- Diarrhea, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, menorrhagia, parturient, to correct griping medicines; for flavoring preparations, chocolate, etc.
 Allied Products:
    1.  Cinnaldehydum, Cinnamic Aldehyde, C₅H₈O, U.S.P. 1900.--Obtained as a natural product by shaking oil of cassia with aqueous solution of acid sodium sulphite, filtering, washing crystalline magma with alcohol, decomposing with diluted sulphuric acid, or synthetically by oxidation of cinnamyl alcohol by dry distillation of a mixture of calcium cinnamate and formate, or as a condensation-product by acting on benzaldehyde (10), acetaldehyde (15) with hydrochloric acid gas, or with 10 p.c. solution of sodium hydroxide (10) + water (900).  It is a colorless liquid, cinnamon-like odor, burning, aromatic taste, sp. gr. 1.047, boils at 250 degrees C. (482 degrees F.) with partial decomposition, optically inactive, solidified with ice and salt should melt at -7.5 degrees C. (18.5 degrees F.), soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed or volatile oils, sparingly in water; contains at least 95 p.c. of pure cinnamic aldehyde.  Similar to oil of cinnamon, for which it may be substituted.  Should be kept in well-stoppered, small, amber-colored bottles.  Dose, mj-5 (.06-.3 cc.).
    2.  Cinnamomum Cassia (aromat'icum), Chinese Cinnamon. -- The dried bark of the shoots deprived of most of the corky portion, U.S.P. 1820-1890; China.  Plant -- handsome tree, but bark removed when 5-6 years old, occurring in quills 5-20 Mm. (1/5-4/5') broad, bark 1-2 Mm. (1/25-1/12') thick, deprived of corky layer, yellowish-brown, often with grayish patches, rough, inside nearly smooth, faintly striate, fracture nearly smooth; odor fragrant; taste sweet, aromatic, pungent, astringent.  The outer layers are simply imperfectly removed by curved knives or planes, those of iron being avoided, consequently can be recognized readily by having undergone this treatment, also by its more irregular zone of stone cells, the greater abundance of bast-fibers and tannin.  This bark is very irregular in quality, owing to its varied origin, and accordingly is recognized in commerce as Cassia, Cassia vera, Cassia lignea, etc.  C. Burman'ni is believed to yield the Sumatra, also a portion of the Java, Cina, Timor; C. Tam'ala, some of the Calcutta, N. India, Cochin China; C. I'ners, part of E. Indian archipelago.
    3.  Cassia Buds, Flores Cassiae. -- These are